Subterranean termites are social insects that live in complex colonies beneath the soil. Understanding their reproductive swarming behavior is important for homeowners to identify potential infestations. These winged termites, known as swarmers, emerge from established colonies to reproduce and establish new ones. Recognizing when and why these events occur can help in protecting a home from significant structural damage.
The Purpose of Subterranean Termite Swarms
Subterranean termite swarms represent an important phase in their life cycle, centered on reproduction and colony expansion. When a termite colony reaches maturity, it produces winged reproductive individuals called alates. These alates are the swarmers, and their role is to leave the parent colony to find mates and establish new colonies.
The swarming process ensures genetic diversity and the spread of the species to new locations. Male and female swarmers pair off during flight, seeking suitable environments to begin a new nest. After mating, they shed their wings and search for a moist location in contact with soil, to become the king and queen of a new subterranean colony.
Peak Swarming Conditions and Times
Subterranean termites typically swarm during specific periods, largely influenced by environmental conditions. Most species of subterranean termites swarm in the spring and early summer months, generally from February through June, though this can vary by region. For instance, some species, like the light Southern subterranean termite, may swarm later in the year, from August to November.
The emergence of swarmers is often triggered by warm temperatures, typically around 70°F or higher. High humidity and recent rainfall are also important environmental cues that encourage swarming activity. Moist soil conditions created by rain are favorable for newly paired termites to establish their nests.
Subterranean termites generally swarm during daylight hours, frequently in the late morning or early afternoon. Swarming events can last from a few days to several weeks, depending on the colony and local weather.
Identifying Subterranean Termite Swarmers
Distinguishing subterranean termite swarmers from flying ants is important, as they are often confused. Termite swarmers possess straight antennae, unlike the elbowed or bent antennae of flying ants. Another key difference lies in their body shape; termite swarmers have a broad waist, appearing almost the same width from head to abdomen, while flying ants exhibit a distinct pinched waist.
Their wings also provide identification markers. Subterranean termite swarmers have two pairs of wings that are equal in size and length, and these wings are typically shed shortly after their flight. In contrast, flying ants have front wings that are noticeably larger than their hind wings, and their wings are not easily detached. Termite swarmers are often dark brown or black in color.
Immediate Steps After Spotting Swarmers
Encountering subterranean termite swarmers in or around a home is typically an indication of an established colony nearby. These swarmers are attracted to light, so they are often found near windows, doors, or light fixtures. Finding discarded wings, especially on windowsills, is another common sign of a recent swarm.
If swarmers are spotted, it is generally recommended to avoid attempting self-treatment. While the swarmers do not cause direct damage, their presence signals a hidden infestation that could compromise the structural integrity of the property over time. Contacting a qualified pest control professional for an inspection is a necessary next step to assess the extent of the infestation and determine the appropriate treatment plan.