Hummingbirds are a captivating presence in Central Texas, known for their vibrant colors and energetic flight. These tiny birds are not permanent residents; they undertake remarkable migratory journeys each year. Their presence in Central Texas is seasonal, as they pass through or temporarily reside in the region during travels between breeding grounds and wintering habitats. This annual migration is a testament to their endurance.
Understanding Their Departure Timeline
Hummingbirds typically begin their departure from Central Texas as fall approaches, with southbound migration occurring from late summer through October. Many species, particularly the Ruby-throated Hummingbird, are abundant as they pass through the state. Ruby-throated hummingbirds begin fall migration in late August or September, gathering along the Texas Gulf Coast to prepare for their journey over the Gulf of Mexico to Mexico and Central America.
While Ruby-throated Hummingbirds are the most common migratory species in East and Central Texas, other species also follow distinct patterns. These include:
- Black-chinned Hummingbirds, which breed in Central and Western Texas, generally migrate south between late summer and early fall, often following routes along the Rocky Mountains into Mexico.
- Rufous Hummingbirds, known for their extensive migrations from breeding grounds as far north as Alaska, typically begin their southbound journey in July and often follow the Rocky Mountains back to Mexico.
- Calliope Hummingbirds, the smallest North American species, pass through western Texas during migration and are usually seen by late September or early October as they head south.
- Some species, like the Buff-bellied Hummingbird, can remain in the southern parts of Texas year-round.
Environmental Triggers for Migration
Hummingbirds embark on their long migratory flights in response to specific environmental cues rather than food scarcity at a particular feeder. A primary trigger is the decreasing length of daylight hours, known as photoperiod. This change signals to the birds that it is time to begin their journey south. The angle of sunlight also plays a role in this instinctive timing.
Cooler temperatures associated with the changing seasons also contribute to the migratory impulse. Another significant factor is the diminishing availability of natural food sources, such as nectar-producing flowers and insects. These environmental signals prompt hummingbirds to enter a phase of intense feeding, often referred to as hyperphagia, to build up the necessary fat reserves for their arduous travels. During this period, a hummingbird can consume its entire body weight in nectar and insects daily. This fat accumulation allows them to undertake non-stop flights, such as the 500-mile journey across the Gulf of Mexico.
Supporting Hummingbirds Before They Leave
Supporting hummingbirds as they prepare for migration involves providing consistent and clean resources. Maintaining hummingbird feeders with fresh sugar water is beneficial, as it offers a reliable energy source. The recommended mixture is four parts water to one part refined white sugar, without added food coloring, which can be harmful. Feeders should be cleaned regularly, every few days in warmer weather or at least weekly in cooler temperatures, to prevent mold and bacterial growth.
A common misconception is that leaving feeders out prevents hummingbirds from migrating. Hummingbirds are driven by instinct and changes in daylight, so they depart when ready, regardless of available feeders. Continuing to offer feeders until a few weeks after the last sighting ensures that late migrants or stragglers have access to nourishment.
Additionally, planting late-blooming, nectar-rich flowers like salvias, Turk’s cap, and flame acanthus can provide natural food as hummingbirds fuel up. Avoiding pesticides is also important, as these chemicals can harm hummingbirds directly or by reducing their insect food sources, which provide essential protein.