Hummingbirds are captivating visitors to Alabama. These tiny birds are not permanent residents but undertake remarkable annual migrations, traveling thousands of miles between their breeding grounds and their wintering habitats.
Typical Departure Period
Ruby-throated hummingbirds, the most common species observed in Alabama, typically begin their southward migration in late summer, from late August through October. While many birds that breed in Alabama start departing in early to mid-September, the migration period can extend, with northern birds passing through the state well into October. Individual departure times can vary based on the specific location within Alabama and the bird’s readiness for the long journey.
Environmental Cues for Migration
The decision for hummingbirds to begin their migration is influenced by several environmental cues. Decreasing daylight hours, known as photoperiod, serve as a primary signal, prompting hormonal changes within the birds. Cooler temperatures and the diminishing availability of natural food sources, such as nectar from flowering plants and insects, also trigger migration. These cues signal to the hummingbirds that it is time to build up substantial fat reserves, sometimes nearly doubling their body weight, to fuel their journey south.
The Long Journey South
Once they depart from Alabama, Ruby-throated hummingbirds embark on a journey to their wintering grounds in southern Mexico, Central America, and Panama. This migration often involves crossing the Gulf of Mexico, a challenging non-stop flight of approximately 500 miles that can take 18 to 22 hours. While many undertake this overwater route, some hummingbirds also utilize overland coastal routes around the Gulf.
Anticipating Their Return
Hummingbirds typically begin their return migration to Alabama in the spring, with the first arrivals between mid-March and mid-April. Male hummingbirds usually arrive earlier than females, establishing territories before the females follow a week or two later. To support them, residents can set up clean feeders by early March. Nectar solution is one part granulated white sugar to four parts water, without red dye. Feeders should be cleaned regularly, every few days in warm weather, using hot water or a mild vinegar solution to prevent mold. Planting native nectar-rich flowers also provide food sources:
Trumpet vine
Coral honeysuckle
Bee balm
Cardinal flower
Salvia