Hummingbirds, with their iridescent feathers and rapid wingbeats, are a captivating presence in any garden. These tiny birds undertake migratory journeys each year, traveling between their wintering grounds and summer breeding habitats.
Spring Arrival in Nebraska
Hummingbirds typically arrive in Nebraska from late April to mid-May. The Ruby-throated Hummingbird, the most common species in the state, usually appears by mid-May, with males arriving first and females following weeks later.
Arrival timing varies with environmental factors like weather, storms, drought, and insect availability. Though they move quickly, hummingbirds are observed across Nebraska, from the Missouri River to western areas like North Platte and Scotts Bluff County.
Hummingbird Species in Nebraska
Nebraska hosts several hummingbird species, with the Ruby-throated Hummingbird being the most frequently observed and the only one known to breed regularly in the eastern part of the state. Males have emerald plumage and a ruby-red throat patch, while females display green backs and white underparts. These birds are small, weighing about as much as a penny, and their wings beat approximately 50 times per second, enabling hovering flight.
Other less common species are spotted during migration. The Rufous Hummingbird, known for its aggressive nature and copper-orange coloration, is occasionally seen in western Nebraska, especially in fall. The Calliope Hummingbird, the smallest bird in the United States, along with Broad-tailed and Black-chinned Hummingbirds, are rare or occasional visitors passing through the state.
Fall Departure and Migration
As summer transitions to autumn, hummingbirds prepare for southward migration from Nebraska. Most begin departing from mid-September to early October. While many may leave by late August or early September, nearly all are gone by mid-September.
Migration is triggered by decreasing daylight, cooler temperatures, and diminishing nectar. Many Ruby-throated Hummingbirds travel to central Mexico or Central America. Males typically initiate this journey first, followed by females and juveniles, with peak fall migration often around September 1.
Attracting Hummingbirds
For those interested in observing these birds up close, setting up hummingbird feeders is effective. Place them out by early May to greet the first arrivals.
Nectar solution is made by mixing one part refined white sugar with four parts water. Avoid red dye, honey, brown sugar, or artificial sweeteners, as these can be harmful. Boil water to dissolve sugar, then cool before filling feeders. Clean feeders every few days, or more often in hot weather, to prevent mold. Store extra nectar in the refrigerator for up to a week. Positioning multiple feeders out of sight from each other can reduce territorial disputes. Leaving feeders up until mid-November provides food for late-migrating birds.
Planting nectar-rich flowers also attracts hummingbirds. Native plants with red or orange tubular blossoms are appealing, such as Trumpet Vine, Cardinal Flower, Bee Balm, and various Salvias. A diverse garden with plants blooming at different times ensures a continuous food supply. Minimize pesticide use, as hummingbirds supplement their nectar diet with insects.