Hummingbirds are a captivating presence in Indiana, bringing vibrant color and aerial agility to backyards and natural spaces. The most common species observed is the Ruby-throated Hummingbird, known for its iridescent green back and, in males, a distinct ruby-red throat. These tiny birds, weighing less than a nickel, undertake journeys to Indiana, fueling their energetic lifestyles with nectar and small insects. Their annual appearances mark the changing seasons with rapid wingbeats and hovering flight.
Spring Migration: When They Arrive
Hummingbirds begin their journey north from wintering grounds in Central America and Mexico, arriving in Indiana as spring unfolds. The first arrivals, primarily males, can be seen in southern Indiana by mid-April. Central Indiana usually sees hummingbirds mid to late April, with northern parts of the state by late April or early May.
Their arrival timing is influenced by weather patterns, temperature, and the availability of early spring flowers. Hummingbirds are dependent on nectar, so their migration correlates with blooming plant species along their route. They fly by day, following blooming flowers to find nectar sources essential for their high metabolism. This ensures sufficient food resources as they establish breeding territories.
Fall Migration: When They Depart
As summer transitions to autumn, hummingbirds prepare for their return migration to southern Mexico and Central America. Most Ruby-throated Hummingbirds begin departing Indiana by late August or early September. By mid-September, the majority have left the state, though some stragglers may be observed into October.
The primary trigger for their southward migration is decreasing daylight hours. This signals hormonal shifts, prompting them to build fat reserves. Hummingbirds can gain 25-40% of their body weight before embarking on this journey, which sustains them during travel. Adult males are often the first to leave, followed by females and then juveniles, which helps manage food resources as the season progresses.
Welcoming Hummingbirds to Your Yard
Creating a welcoming environment can help attract hummingbirds to your yard throughout their time in Indiana. Providing nectar feeders is an effective way to offer a consistent food source, especially in early spring when natural flowers may not be abundant. A simple nectar solution can be made by mixing one part refined white sugar with four parts water until the sugar is dissolved; red dye should not be added.
Feeder maintenance is important for the birds’ health. Feeders should be cleaned thoroughly every few days, or daily in hot weather, to prevent mold and bacteria.
Planting nectar-rich flowers also provides a natural food source. Popular choices in Indiana include bee balm, cardinal flower, trumpet vine, trumpet honeysuckle, salvia, and petunias. These plants, particularly those with tubular shapes, are attractive to hummingbirds.