Hummingbirds bring vibrancy to gardens across South Carolina each year. Their annual arrival and departure are predictable events, governed by intricate biological cues.
The Annual Return
Ruby-throated hummingbirds, the most common species observed in South Carolina, typically begin their northward migration and arrive in the state from mid-March to early April. Male hummingbirds often lead this return, establishing territories a week or so before the females appear. While some early arrivals may be spotted, significant hummingbird activity around feeders generally increases in mid-summer as more birds settle into their breeding grounds. This arrival period can vary slightly depending on specific weather conditions and geographic location within South Carolina, with coastal areas sometimes seeing earlier arrivals than inland regions.
Understanding Their Migration
Ruby-throated hummingbirds spend their winters in warmer climates, primarily in Mexico and Central America, before embarking on their long migratory flights back to the eastern United States and Canada. Their instinctual drive to migrate is primarily triggered by changes in daylight hours rather than immediate food availability. Before their arduous journey, these hummingbirds consume significant amounts of nectar and small insects, allowing them to nearly double their body weight, providing the necessary fuel for flights that can span thousands of miles, including non-stop crossings of the Gulf of Mexico.
Welcoming Hummingbirds to Your Yard
Residents can support returning hummingbirds by providing reliable food sources. Hummingbird feeders are a popular option, and homemade nectar is easy to prepare by mixing one part granulated white sugar with four parts water until the sugar fully dissolves. Boiling the water is not necessary, but ensure the sugar is completely dissolved. Avoid adding red dye, honey, or artificial sweeteners, as these can be harmful.
Feeder cleanliness is important for hummingbird health; feeders should be cleaned every two to three days, or even daily during hot weather, using hot water. Placing feeders in shaded areas can help slow nectar spoilage. Planting native, nectar-rich flowers also provides natural food sources. Species like red salvia, bee balm, trumpet creeper, coral honeysuckle, and cardinal flower, especially those with red or orange tubular blooms, are appealing. A pesticide-free garden is also beneficial, as hummingbirds supplement their nectar diet with small insects for protein.
Their Seasonal Departure
As the seasons progress, hummingbirds eventually begin their southward migration from South Carolina, with most ruby-throated hummingbirds departing by late September. Males are typically the first to leave, followed by females and then juvenile birds a few weeks later. While the majority of the population heads south during this period, some individuals may linger into October or even early November, especially if food sources remain available. The timing of their departure, like their arrival, is primarily influenced by the shortening of daylight hours, an inherent biological signal, rather than the availability of food at feeders. Keeping feeders active during this time does not delay their migration but can provide essential energy for late-season travelers.