Hummingbirds are tiny, energetic birds whose annual return to North Carolina signals a vibrant shift in the seasons. These remarkable creatures, known for their rapid wingbeats and hovering flight, undertake an extraordinary journey each year. Their arrival is a much-anticipated event for many nature enthusiasts, marking a special time to observe these aerial acrobats in backyards and gardens.
Timing of Their North Carolina Arrival
The Ruby-throated Hummingbird, the most common species found in North Carolina, begins arriving in the state from late March through early May. Early sightings occur in southern North Carolina by late March, with the bulk of the population becoming prevalent in April. Exact timing varies slightly by region; for example, coastal areas might see arrivals earlier than mountainous regions. Environmental cues, such as increasing daylight hours and blooming spring flowers, trigger their northward migration.
The arrival window can also shift based on yearly weather patterns. An early spring with sustained warmth might prompt earlier arrivals, while late cold snaps could delay their return. These tiny birds rely on natural signals to guide their journey. While most migrate away, some Ruby-throated Hummingbirds have been observed overwintering along the North Carolina coast, though this is not common.
The Migratory Path
Ruby-throated Hummingbirds spend winters primarily in southern Mexico and Central America, extending as far south as Panama. A smaller number also winter in the West Indies, and some have expanded their winter range into extreme southern Florida and along the U.S. Gulf and Atlantic coasts. Their return to North America is driven by the need to access abundant food sources and suitable breeding grounds as warmer seasons arrive.
The journey itself is arduous, often involving a non-stop flight across the Gulf of Mexico. Many Ruby-throated Hummingbirds undertake this, covering approximately 500 miles over open water, a flight that can take 18 to 22 hours. To prepare for this marathon flight, they must build up significant fat reserves, sometimes nearly doubling their body weight. While some birds may follow coastal routes around the Gulf, many choose the direct trans-Gulf path, flying alone and often at night during this leg of the journey.
Welcoming Hummingbirds to Your Yard
To prepare for the arrival of hummingbirds, placing feeders outdoors by mid-March is recommended. A simple sugar water solution can be made by mixing one part white granulated sugar with four parts water. It is important to dissolve the sugar completely and allow the mixture to cool before filling feeders; red dye should not be added as it can be harmful to the birds.
Feeder cleanliness is important to prevent the growth of mold and bacteria. Feeders should be cleaned at least once a week, and more frequently, every two to three days, during hotter weather. This involves emptying any old nectar, disassembling the feeder, and scrubbing it with hot water and a bottle brush. Some sources suggest using a diluted vinegar solution for cleaning, ensuring thorough rinsing afterward.
Planting native flowers also provides natural nectar sources that attract hummingbirds. In North Carolina, excellent choices include Coral Honeysuckle (blooming March-July), Wild Columbine (early spring flowers), Bee Balm, and Trumpet Vine. These plants offer tubular flowers, a perfect fit for a hummingbird’s long beak, and are rich in nectar. Combined with well-maintained feeders, they create an inviting habitat for these captivating visitors.