Hummingbirds, with their iridescent plumage and rapid wingbeats, undertake remarkable migratory journeys between their wintering grounds and breeding territories. For residents of Tennessee, the arrival of these birds signals the true onset of spring, bringing a vibrant display of nature to backyards and gardens across the state.
The Typical Arrival Period
Ruby-throated hummingbirds, the primary species that breeds in Tennessee, begin their northward migration from their wintering grounds in southern Mexico and Central America in late March. Most arrive between early April and mid-May. Male hummingbirds often precede females by a few days to a week, establishing territories before the females arrive. While some birds will settle in Tennessee for the summer, many are simply passing through on their way to more northern breeding grounds that extend into Canada.
Factors Influencing Their Journey
The exact timing of hummingbird arrival in Tennessee can fluctuate annually, influenced by environmental and biological factors. Weather patterns, including temperature, play a significant role in their migration speed. The availability of food sources, such as early blooming flowers and insect populations, also dictates their progress. Hummingbirds possess an innate biological clock that prompts their migration, but external conditions can accelerate or delay their journey. Many of these birds undertake a non-stop flight across the Gulf of Mexico, arriving in Tennessee often exhausted and in need of immediate replenishment.
Preparing for Their Return
Attracting hummingbirds to your yard involves providing food sources and a welcoming environment. Setting up feeders with a solution of one part white granulated sugar to four parts water is effective. Avoid using honey, artificial sweeteners, or food coloring, as these can be harmful. Feeders should be cleaned regularly—every few days in warm weather—to prevent the growth of mold and bacteria.
Planting native flowers with tubular shapes also offers a natural food source for hummingbirds. Species like trumpet vine, bee balm, cardinal flower, and various salvias are attractive. Providing perches, such as small branches or decorative structures near feeders and flowers, allows these energetic birds a place to rest and survey their surroundings. Maintaining a clean water source, like a shallow birdbath, also supports their needs for drinking and bathing.
Their Stay and Departure
Hummingbirds remain in Tennessee through spring and summer, for breeding and raising young. Nesting occurs from early May through July, with females building tiny, camouflaged nests often made with spider webs and plant fibers. By mid-June, young fledglings begin to appear.
As summer transitions into fall, from early July through October, hummingbirds begin their southward migration to Mexico and Central America. This fall migration often sees the highest numbers as adults and offspring prepare for the long journey. Keep feeders available during this period, as the birds actively “tank up” on nectar to build fat reserves necessary for their extensive flight.