Black bears are a prominent feature of the wildlife in the Gatlinburg area, particularly within the expansive Great Smoky Mountains National Park. These omnivorous animals exhibit a natural process of reduced activity during colder months, often referred to as hibernation. Understanding this behavior provides insight into the seasonal rhythms of the park’s approximately 1,500 to 1,900 black bears, which inhabit a density of about two bears per square mile.
The Hibernation Season in Gatlinburg
Black bears in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park region enter a period of inactivity, often called denning. This period typically begins in late fall, around late November or early December. Bears can remain in their dens until late March or early April. Females with new cubs are usually among the last to emerge. Bears may occasionally leave their dens for brief periods if disturbed or during warmer spells.
Influences on Hibernation Timing
Several factors influence when black bears in Gatlinburg begin and end their denning period. Food availability plays a significant role; a plentiful supply of nuts, acorns, and other natural foods in the fall allows bears to accumulate sufficient fat reserves for the winter. If food sources are scarce, bears might delay entering their dens to continue foraging. The onset of cold weather and snow also encourages bears to seek shelter and begin denning.
Mild winter temperatures can lead to a delayed or interrupted denning period for some bears. Human-related food sources, such as unsecured trash or intentional feeding, can also alter a bear’s natural cycles, causing them to remain active longer. Pregnant female bears are among the first to enter their dens, preparing for the birth of their cubs during the winter.
The Nature of Bear Hibernation
Black bears in the Smokies undergo a state of torpor, which differs from the deep hibernation seen in smaller mammals. During torpor, a bear’s body temperature drops slightly, and their metabolic rate slows considerably, decreasing to about 25% of their normal active rates. Their heart rate can also reduce significantly, from around 55 beats per minute to as few as 9 beats per minute.
During this period, bears do not eat, drink, urinate, or defecate for five to seven months, relying on stored fat reserves. Unlike true hibernators, black bears can awaken easily if disturbed. Female bears give birth to their cubs in the den, usually in late January or early February, and nurse them throughout this winter sleep.
Bear Behavior Outside Hibernation
When black bears are not denning, they are highly active, particularly during early morning and late evening hours in spring and summer. During these months, bears forage for a varied diet that includes nuts, berries, insects, and other natural foods. Young cubs typically remain with their mothers for approximately 18 months, learning survival skills.
Visitors to the Gatlinburg area should maintain a safe distance from bears; it is illegal to approach a bear within 50 yards or 150 feet. Feeding bears, whether intentionally or unintentionally, can habituate them to humans and lead to dangerous situations, often resulting in the bear’s demise. All food and garbage should be secured in bear-resistant containers to prevent attraction. If a bear approaches, slowly back away without running, and making noise can sometimes encourage the bear to leave. Black bears can be seen throughout the park, including popular spots like Cades Cove, and occasionally even in areas closer to Gatlinburg town.