Down syndrome is a genetic condition resulting from the presence of an extra copy of chromosome 21. This difference influences physical and cognitive development. Babies with Down syndrome often follow a developmental pathway where milestones, such as learning to walk, occur on a different timeline compared to typically developing children. Each child’s journey is distinct and unfolds at their own pace.
Average Walking Timeline for Babies with Down Syndrome
Children with Down syndrome generally begin walking independently later than neurotypical children. Typically developing children walk around 12 to 18 months, while babies with Down syndrome often reach this milestone between 24 and 28 months of age. Some may walk earlier, with about 14% walking by 18 months, and this percentage significantly increases to 74% by 30 months. The average age for independent walking is around 24 months.
Pre-walking milestones also tend to occur later. Sitting without support is typically mastered between 8 and 12 months, compared to around 8 months for neurotypical peers. Crawling usually develops between 12 and 18 months, and standing without support often appears between 18 and 21 months. These are average ranges, and individual variability is expected, with some children achieving these skills earlier or later within the Down syndrome population.
Factors Affecting Walking Development
Several physiological factors contribute to the delayed walking development observed in children with Down syndrome. Hypotonia, or low muscle tone, is common in individuals with the condition. This reduced muscle tone impacts a child’s strength, stability, and balance, making coordinated movements challenging. Hypotonia also affects the body’s ability to receive and process sensory feedback from muscles and joints, which is important for maintaining posture.
Another contributing element is joint laxity, or hypermobility, where ligaments and joints are looser than typical. This excessive flexibility can lead to instability and affect balance and coordination. In some instances, it may cause joints to slip out of place. Children with Down syndrome also often have shorter limb lengths in proportion to their torso, which can influence their stride and overall walking speed.
Encouraging Independent Movement
Supportive strategies encourage independent movement and walking in children with Down syndrome. Early intervention, particularly physical therapy, is beneficial and can begin shortly after birth. Physical therapists work to strengthen muscles, improve balance, and develop essential motor skills necessary for walking. Early therapy can also help prevent the development of compensatory movement patterns that might create orthopedic challenges later.
At home, parents and caregivers can engage children in activities that promote strength and balance. This includes regular tummy time, supported sitting, and supported standing. Encouraging reaching for toys can motivate movement and improve balance.
Activities such as cruising along furniture and using push toys can help build confidence and practice weight shifting. In some cases, orthotics, such as ankle-foot orthoses (AFOs) or supra-malleolar orthoses (SMOs), can provide additional ankle stability and support, which may enhance endurance and a child’s desire to move.
The Broader Developmental Journey
Learning to walk is a significant achievement within a broader developmental journey. As children with Down syndrome progress, other areas, including cognitive, social, and communication skills, are also developing. The acquisition of mobility supports greater independence and exploration of the environment, which in turn can influence social interactions and language development.
While the timeline for achieving milestones may differ, children with Down syndrome typically acquire these skills in the same sequence as their neurotypical peers. Focusing on overall progress and celebrating each small victory, regardless of when it occurs, provides valuable encouragement. The emphasis remains on the child’s individual growth and increasing independence, rather than strict adherence to average timelines.