Hummingbirds, known for their iridescent plumage and aerial maneuvers, are fascinating birds. Their presence in North Texas is largely seasonal, a testament to their extensive migratory journeys.
Understanding Hummingbird Migration
Hummingbirds undertake extensive annual migrations, traveling thousands of miles between breeding grounds and warmer wintering habitats. In North Texas, the first male hummingbirds begin to arrive in late February to mid-March. The majority of migratory hummingbirds, especially Ruby-throated Hummingbirds, continue to arrive through mid-May. These birds often fly across the Gulf of Mexico in a non-stop journey.
As the breeding season concludes, southbound migration begins. Hummingbirds start their departure from North Texas in late July, with peak activity from August through October. Most Ruby-throated Hummingbirds leave the region by early November, heading to wintering grounds in Mexico and Central America. This movement is driven by the availability of nectar sources and suitable climates.
Common Hummingbird Species in North Texas
North Texas is an important stopover point for several hummingbird species during migration. The Ruby-throated Hummingbird (Archilochus colubris) is the most frequently encountered species throughout much of East and Central Texas during migration. Male Ruby-throated Hummingbirds are identifiable by their metallic green backs, black chins, and metallic red throats. Females are green above with white underparts and lack the red throat.
Another common visitor, especially in Central and West Texas, is the Black-chinned Hummingbird (Archilochus alexandri). Male Black-chinned Hummingbirds are similar to Ruby-throats but display a purplish-black throat. They are distinguished by their long, slender, slightly downcurved bill and gray-green backs. Black-chinned Hummingbirds arrive in Texas between mid-March and early May for breeding, remaining until mid-July through mid-October.
Encouraging Hummingbird Visits
Attracting hummingbirds involves providing reliable food and shelter. Feeders are a popular method, using a solution of one part white granulated sugar dissolved in four parts water. Avoid adding red dye to the nectar, as it is unnecessary and potentially harmful. Feeders should be cleaned every two to three days to prevent bacterial growth that could sicken hummingbirds.
Strategic placement of feeders increases their effectiveness. Positioning them in a shady area helps prevent nectar from spoiling quickly. An ideal height for feeders is four to six feet above the ground. Placing feeders near trees or shrubs provides quick cover from predators, and spacing multiple feeders can reduce territorial disputes. Beyond feeders, planting native nectar-rich flowers, particularly red or orange tubular varieties like Turk’s Cap, Lantana, Salvias, and Bee Balm, offers a natural and continuous food source.
Identifying Wintering Hummingbirds
While most hummingbirds migrate south for winter, some individuals and species may remain in North Texas. Hummingbirds can occasionally be observed outside of typical migratory seasons. One such species is the Rufous Hummingbird (Selasphorus rufus), seen during winter months from October to March. Male Rufous Hummingbirds are recognized by their orange-red plumage, while females have a green back with an orange wash along their sides. These birds are known for their territorial behavior, aggressively defending food sources.
Black-chinned Hummingbirds are common winter residents in parts of coastal Texas. Other species, such as Anna’s, Broad-tailed, and Buff-bellied hummingbirds, may also overwinter in the area. Maintaining feeders throughout colder months provides a vital food supply for these wintering hummingbirds, enabling them to survive when natural nectar sources are scarce.