The navel, commonly known as the belly button, is the small scar at the center of the abdomen. This anatomical feature is the remnant of the umbilical cord, the lifeline that connected a developing fetus to its mother’s placenta. While generally considered a cosmetic detail, the navel’s location and structure make it a potential site for various conditions. Changes in its appearance, texture, or sensation can occasionally serve as a subtle indicator of underlying health matters. Paying attention to this small area can provide early clues to issues ranging from minor hygiene problems to internal complications.
The Formation and Appearance of the Navel
The navel is a permanent scar formed after the umbilical cord is cut at birth and the remaining stump naturally dries and falls off. The way the skin and underlying tissue heal determines the final shape, resulting in either an “innie” (concave) or an “outie” (convex) appearance. Most people, approximately 90%, have an innie navel, which forms a small depression on the abdomen.
The appearance of the navel is primarily a matter of chance and the individual healing process. Outie navels, which occur in a smaller percentage of the population, are sometimes caused by a small umbilical hernia or an excess of scar tissue. The unique folds and crevices of the navel, particularly the innie type, create a warm, dark, and protected environment that harbors a diverse population of microorganisms.
Common Indicators: Odor, Discharge, and Infection
The navel’s environment makes it susceptible to the buildup of dirt, sweat, dead skin cells, and lint, creating an ideal breeding ground for bacteria and fungi. A 2012 study found the average navel can host over 60 different types of bacteria. When this microbial balance is disrupted, an infection can develop, often signaled by a noticeable odor or discharge.
A bacterial infection typically presents with a foul-smelling discharge that may be yellow or green, often accompanied by redness, swelling, or mild pain around the area. These infections can occur if the area is not cleaned well or if there is a break in the skin, such as from a piercing or a surgical incision. The body’s immune response to the bacterial overgrowth results in pus, a thick fluid composed of white blood cells and dead tissue.
Another common issue is a yeast infection, or candidiasis, caused by an overgrowth of the fungus Candida in the warm, moist skin folds. Symptoms include an intensely itchy, bright red rash that may have scaling or a thick, white discharge. Individuals with conditions like diabetes, those who are pregnant, or people taking antibiotics are at a higher risk for this type of fungal overgrowth.
Structural Issues: Umbilical Hernias and Cysts
Beyond superficial infections, a change in the navel’s structure can indicate an issue with the underlying abdominal wall. An umbilical hernia occurs when a portion of the intestine or fatty tissue pushes through a weak spot in the muscle layer near the navel. This structural defect results in a visible bulge that can become more prominent during physical exertion, such as coughing, straining, or crying.
In infants, small umbilical hernias are common and often close spontaneously as the abdominal muscles strengthen, typically by age two. However, hernias in adults are less likely to resolve on their own and may require surgical intervention, especially if they cause discomfort or pain. An urachal cyst is a congenital anomaly resulting from the incomplete closure of the urachus, a fetal connection between the bladder and the umbilical cord.
When infected, an urachal cyst can cause a cloudy or bloody fluid to leak from the navel, along with symptoms like abdominal pain and fever. Due to the similar presentation of a mass or bulge, urachal cysts are sometimes initially misdiagnosed as an umbilical hernia. Medical evaluation is necessary for any persistent bulge or unusual discharge, as these structural issues require professional diagnosis and management.
Essential Tips for Navel Hygiene and Care
Maintaining a clean and dry navel is the most effective way to prevent the common infections and odors that can develop. During a shower, the navel should be gently cleaned using a mild, fragrance-free soap and warm water. For those with a deep innie, a soft washcloth or a cotton swab can be used to reach into the folds and remove accumulated debris.
Rinsing the area thoroughly is important to ensure no soap residue is left behind, as this can cause irritation or contribute to buildup. The single most important step in navel care is ensuring the area is completely dry after washing, as trapped moisture is the primary factor that encourages the growth of both bacteria and yeast.
The navel can be patted dry with a clean towel. For deeper navels, gently using the corner of a towel or allowing the area to air dry completely is beneficial. Avoid applying lotions, oils, or harsh chemicals, as these can trap moisture and create an environment conducive to microbial overgrowth.