Ingesting rubbing alcohol, a common household product, is an immediate medical emergency due to its high toxicity. It primarily contains isopropyl alcohol, formulated for external use as a solvent and disinfectant. Even a small amount can rapidly lead to severe poisoning, requiring urgent medical intervention. The body cannot safely process this chemical, making ingestion life-threatening.
Isopropyl Alcohol Versus Drinking Alcohol
Rubbing alcohol contains isopropyl alcohol (isopropanol), which is chemically distinct from ethanol (ethyl alcohol) found in alcoholic beverages. Although both are alcohols, the difference in molecular structure changes how the body processes them. Isopropyl alcohol is a central nervous system depressant two to three times stronger than ethanol.
Typical rubbing alcohol solutions are 70% concentration or higher, far exceeding the alcohol content of most drinks. This high concentration and inherent toxicity mean isopropanol is unsafe for human consumption, and severe toxic effects manifest rapidly.
How the Body Reacts to Ingestion
Once ingested, isopropyl alcohol is quickly absorbed from the stomach and small intestine into the bloodstream, often reaching peak concentrations within 30 to 90 minutes. This rapid absorption leads to a swift onset of intoxication symptoms, which are far more intense and dangerous than those caused by ethanol. The compound is a powerful central nervous system (CNS) depressant, quickly causing confusion, slurred speech, and uncoordinated movement.
The liver’s alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme converts isopropyl alcohol into acetone. Acetone is a ketone body and a CNS depressant, similar to the chemical found in some nail polish removers. The accumulation of acetone prolongs the intoxicating effects, leading to extended periods of sedation and potentially coma.
A defining metabolic characteristic of this poisoning is ketosis—high levels of ketones like acetone—without the accompanying buildup of acid in the blood (acidosis). This profile helps medical professionals distinguish this type of poisoning. The presence of acetone may also be noticeable as a fruity odor on the person’s breath.
Isopropanol is highly irritating to the gastrointestinal tract, frequently causing severe gastritis, abdominal pain, and forceful vomiting. In large ingestions, CNS depression can progress to respiratory depression, where breathing slows or stops entirely. The substance also causes cardiovascular effects, including hypotension (low blood pressure) and a rapid heart rate. These combined effects can lead to circulatory collapse and respiratory failure, the primary causes of death in severe poisoning cases.
Immediate Emergency Actions
If rubbing alcohol is ingested, immediate action is necessary. The first step is to call a local emergency number (like 911) or the national Poison Control Center hotline right away. Keep the person calm and comfortable while awaiting medical assistance.
Do not induce vomiting unless specifically instructed by a medical professional or poison control. Inducing vomiting risks inhaling the substance into the lungs, causing severe chemical pneumonitis. Water or milk may be provided only if the person is fully conscious and not having difficulty swallowing.
When speaking to emergency responders, provide specific details about the incident. This includes the person’s age and weight, the exact product name, the amount ingested, and the time of ingestion. Providing this information quickly allows medical personnel to prepare the most effective treatment plan.