Puerto Rico hosts a distinctive array of wildlife. Its geographic isolation and diverse ecosystems, from rainforests to dry forests and coastal mangroves, foster unique biodiversity. Many species found here are endemic, meaning they exist nowhere else in the world.
Land-Dwelling Animals
Puerto Rico’s native terrestrial mammal population consists primarily of 13 bat species. These nocturnal creatures aid in pollination and insect control.
Other land mammals were introduced by humans, either intentionally or accidentally. These include the small Indian mongoose, various rat species like black rats, and feral cats. These animals have established populations across the island, sometimes impacting native wildlife.
The island’s reptilian inhabitants are diverse, featuring various lizards and snakes. Common lizards include geckos, anoles (like the Puerto Rican giant and twig anoles), and larger iguanas (including the Mona rhinoceros iguana).
Snakes include the non-venomous Puerto Rican Boa, a constrictor, and other species like the Puerto Rican racer and Mona blindsnake. Worm lizards, such as the Puerto Rican worm lizard, are also present, characterized by their legless, burrowing forms.
Amphibians are a notable part of Puerto Rico’s fauna, particularly the iconic Coquí frogs. There are 17 Coquí species, most of which are endemic. The common Coquí is recognized for its distinct “co-quí” call, a common sound in the island’s nights.
The Coquí’s call serves a dual purpose: the “co” note repels other males, while the “quí” note attracts females. While many Coquí species thrive, some, like the golden Coquí, are now considered rare or potentially extinct. The Puerto Rican crested toad, also known as Sapo concho, is another amphibian that is endangered and a focus of conservation efforts.
Birds of the Island
Puerto Rico supports a diverse array of resident and migratory bird species. One of the most recognized and endangered birds is the Puerto Rican Parrot. This vibrant green parrot is endemic to the island, and its small population has been the subject of extensive conservation programs.
Other endemic birds include the Puerto Rican Tody, known for its small size and colorful plumage, and the Puerto Rican Woodpecker.
Hummingbirds, such as the Green Mango and the Puerto Rican Emerald, are also found throughout the island. The Yellow-shouldered Blackbird is another endemic species, often seen in coastal areas.
Marine and Freshwater Inhabitants
Puerto Rico’s aquatic environments, including its ocean waters, coral reefs, and inland freshwater bodies, host a variety of animal life. Vibrant coral reefs are rich ecosystems, supporting a wide range of fish species typical of the Caribbean. These reefs also provide shelter and foraging grounds for marine organisms.
Marine mammals found in Puerto Rican waters include manatees, often seen grazing on seagrass beds in shallow coastal areas. Dolphins are also present, observed in deeper offshore waters. Migrating whales may pass through the region during certain times of the year.
Several sea turtle species nest on Puerto Rico’s beaches, including the green, hawksbill, and leatherback sea turtles. The island’s freshwater systems, including rivers and reservoirs, contain native fish species, though many populations have been supplemented with introduced species like largemouth bass and channel catfish for recreational fishing.
Protecting Puerto Rico’s Wildlife
Protecting Puerto Rico’s unique wildlife involves addressing habitat loss, climate change impacts, and invasive species. Development and agriculture convert natural habitats, leading to fragmentation that affects many species. Climate change introduces altered weather patterns and rising sea levels, impacting delicate ecosystems.
Invasive species, like the mongoose and certain rat populations, compete with native animals for resources and sometimes prey upon them. Efforts to manage and control these introduced species are ongoing to mitigate their effects on the island’s ecological balance.
Conservation initiatives in Puerto Rico involve establishing and maintaining protected areas, such as national forests, wildlife refuges, and marine protected areas. These zones help safeguard habitats and provide sanctuaries for many endemic and endangered species. Programs target the recovery of species like the Puerto Rican Parrot and the Puerto Rican crested toad, focusing on captive breeding and habitat restoration.
Environmental organizations and government agencies focus on preserving Puerto Rico’s biodiversity and endemic species. These efforts aim to ensure the long-term survival of the island’s distinctive wildlife.