Michigan is home to a diverse array of wildlife, including various snake species. While the presence of snakes can sometimes cause apprehension, it is important to understand that most of Michigan’s snakes are harmless. Out of the 18 native snake species found across the state, only one is venomous. These reptiles play an important role in the ecosystem, often helping to control rodent populations. Understanding which snakes inhabit Michigan and how to interact with them safely can help alleviate concerns and promote coexistence.
Michigan’s Sole Venomous Snake
Michigan’s only venomous snake is the Eastern Massasauga Rattlesnake, scientifically known as Sistrurus catenatus. This species is small to medium-sized, with adults measuring between 2 to 3 feet in length. Its body is thick, gray or light brown, featuring large, light-edged chocolate brown blotches down its back and smaller dark spots along its sides.
A distinctive feature of the Eastern Massasauga is its rattle, composed of segmented, hollow keratin that produces a buzzing sound when vibrated. Young massasaugas are born with a single “button” at the end of their tail, with new segments added each time they shed their skin. The snake also possesses a triangular-shaped head, wider at the back than the neck, and vertical, cat-like pupils. Heat-sensing pits located between its eyes and nostrils aid in detecting warm-blooded prey.
Eastern Massasaugas are associated with wetland habitats throughout Michigan’s Lower Peninsula, including bogs, fens, shrub swamps, and wet prairies. They utilize adjacent upland areas for foraging, basking, and reproduction. These snakes are reclusive and avoid human interaction, preferring to remain hidden or move away when disturbed. They are ambush predators, feeding on small mammals like mice and voles, but also consuming frogs and other snakes.
The Eastern Massasauga Rattlesnake is a federally threatened species and is state endangered in Michigan. Its populations have declined significantly due to habitat loss and fragmentation, as well as human persecution. Michigan is considered a stronghold for this species, making its conservation efforts in the state important for its long-term survival.
Recognizing and Avoiding Encounters
Identifying the Eastern Massasauga Rattlesnake is important, as several harmless snake species in Michigan share similar appearances. Non-venomous look-alikes such as the Eastern fox snake, Eastern hog-nosed snake, and milk snake can be mistaken for the massasauga due to their blotchy patterns. The massasauga’s head is distinctly triangular with vertical pupils, unlike the round pupils and oval heads of non-venomous snakes. Only the massasauga possesses a segmented rattle; while some harmless snakes may vibrate their tails, they lack this structure. The Eastern hog-nosed snake also has a distinct upturned snout.
To minimize encounters, wear appropriate footwear like hiking boots and long pants. Staying on marked trails and being observant of your surroundings can also help prevent accidental encounters. If a snake is spotted, it is important to give it space and observe it from a distance, at least 6 feet. Never attempt to approach, handle, or provoke any snake, as most bites occur when individuals try to interact with them.
If bitten, remain calm as excessive movement can accelerate venom circulation, and seek immediate medical attention by calling 911 or going to the nearest emergency room. Clean the wound gently with soap and water, and remove any tight clothing or jewelry near the bite area, as swelling may occur. Keep the bitten limb below the level of the heart while awaiting medical help. Do not attempt to apply a tourniquet, cut the wound, or try to suck out the venom, as these actions can cause further harm.