Arizona is home to many snake species, including several venomous ones. Knowing which snakes are venomous is important for residents and visitors navigating the state’s unique landscapes. While most snakes are not harmful, understanding venomous species promotes safety and coexistence with wildlife.
Key Venomous Species
Rattlesnakes make up the majority of Arizona’s venomous snake species. The Western Diamondback Rattlesnake is commonly encountered, identified by its distinct diamond patterns and a tail with alternating black and white bands. These snakes are typically gray, brown, or tan, reaching 3 to 5 feet, and inhabit various environments from deserts to rocky hillsides. They are widespread and defensive when threatened.
The Mojave Rattlesnake can be challenging to differentiate from the Western Diamondback due to similar coloration. They often have a cleaner appearance with more distinct diamonds and a 2:1 white to black stripe pattern on their tail, contrasting with the Western Diamondback’s 50:50 ratio. Found throughout Arizona, they have potent venom that includes neurotoxins.
The Sidewinder, also known as the Horned Rattlesnake, is smaller, around 2 feet long, and recognized by its unique sideways movement that leaves a “J” pattern in the sand. This desert specialist has horn-like scales above its eyes and is usually beige or cream-colored, blending into sandy environments. The Tiger Rattlesnake is a smaller species, about 2.5 feet, with a small head and a large rattle. Its body is often grey with pink, orange, or brown banding, found in rocky, mountainous areas, and possesses potent venom.
Arizona is also home to the Sonoran Coral Snake. This slender, brightly colored snake is small, under 2 feet, and features broad alternating bands of red and black separated by narrower white or yellow bands. Its bands fully encircle its body, and its head is black behind the eyes with a blunt snout. Secretive and primarily nocturnal, they are often found in arid and semi-arid regions under rocks or logs.
Identifying Features
Distinguishing venomous from non-venomous snakes in Arizona involves observing several characteristics. Many venomous snakes, particularly rattlesnakes, are pit vipers with a triangular or spade-shaped head distinctly wider than their neck. Non-venomous snakes often have a rounded head that blends seamlessly with their body. Pit vipers also have vertically elliptical pupils, similar to a cat’s eye, while most non-venomous snakes have round pupils.
Rattlesnakes have a rattle at the end of their tail, made of interlocking keratin segments, which produces a warning sound when vibrated. Pit vipers also have heat-sensing pits, small openings between their eyes and nostrils. These pits allow them to detect infrared radiation, “seeing” the body heat of prey or predators, even in darkness.
Coloration and patterns can offer clues, though some non-venomous snakes mimic venomous ones. For instance, Sonoran Coral Snakes have a banding pattern of red, yellow, and black, where red bands touch yellow bands. This differentiates them from non-venomous mimics, which typically have red bands touching black bands. While some patterns are associated with venomous species, relying on a combination of features provides a more reliable assessment.
Safety Practices
Exercising caution and awareness can reduce the risk of snake encounters and bites. When hiking in natural areas, wear appropriate footwear like over-the-ankle hiking boots, thick socks, and loose-fitting long pants. Staying on designated trails helps avoid hidden snakes in tall grass, weeds, or heavy underbrush. Always look carefully before stepping or placing hands into areas that are not visible, such as rock crevices, woodpiles, or dense foliage.
Using a flashlight when walking outdoors at night is important, as many snakes are more active during cooler evening hours. Around homes, maintaining a tidy yard by clearing debris, trimming bushes, and removing potential hiding spots like woodpiles can deter snakes. If a snake is encountered, it is important to give it ample space and avoid provoking it. Never attempt to handle, move, or kill a snake, as most bites occur when individuals try to interact with the animal.
If a Bite Occurs
In the event of a venomous snakebite, immediate action is important. Remain calm and move away from the snake to prevent further bites. Call 911 or your local emergency number without delay, as medical attention is required. While waiting for emergency services, keep the bitten limb as still as possible and, if feasible, position it below the level of the heart to help slow the spread of venom.
Remove any constricting items such as rings, watches, or tight clothing from the bitten limb before swelling begins. Swelling can develop rapidly and make removal difficult later. Avoid actions often portrayed in popular media that are harmful or ineffective. Do not apply a tourniquet, as this can restrict blood flow and cause more damage.
Do not attempt to cut the wound or try to suck out the venom, as these methods are ineffective and can introduce infection. Applying ice to the bite area, consuming alcohol or caffeine, or taking pain relievers like aspirin or ibuprofen are not recommended. The priority is to reach a medical facility quickly, where healthcare professionals can provide treatment, which may include antivenom.