North Carolina’s diverse ecosystems host a variety of snake species, thriving from coastal plains to mountain regions. Most snakes in North Carolina are harmless to humans and contribute to environmental health. Understanding these creatures helps foster respectful coexistence within shared landscapes.
North Carolina’s Venomous Snakes
North Carolina is home to several venomous snake species, each with distinct identification features. The copperhead is the most commonly encountered, recognized by its hourglass-shaped crossbands, often described as “Hershey’s Kisses” patterns. Their heads are notably wider than their necks, and they exhibit vertical, cat-like pupils.
Cottonmouths, also known as water moccasins, are semi-aquatic snakes found primarily in eastern and central North Carolina. They are distinguished by dark bodies, often with faint banding, and a broad, triangular head; when threatened, they display the white interior of their mouth.
Two types of rattlesnakes are present, identifiable by the characteristic rattle at the end of their tails. The timber rattlesnake, a large species, has dark chevron-shaped bands on a lighter background and may have a dark stripe from the eye to the jaw. The smaller pygmy rattlesnake features dark, rounded spots down its back and a very small, almost inaudible rattle. The Eastern diamondback rattlesnake, the largest venomous snake in North America, is considered extremely rare in North Carolina, primarily found in the southeastern coastal plain, and is characterized by prominent diamond-shaped patterns outlined in yellow.
The Eastern coral snake is a reclusive, rarely seen species known for its distinctive red, yellow, and black bands. Unlike the non-venomous scarlet kingsnake, the Eastern coral snake follows the “red-on-yellow, kill a fellow” rhyme, meaning its red bands touch yellow bands. This snake has a small, black snout and round pupils. The Eastern diamondback rattlesnake and Eastern coral snake are protected due to their conservation status.
Common Non-Venomous Snakes
Many non-venomous snake species inhabit North Carolina, often mistaken for venomous counterparts due to similar coloration. The corn snake, a constrictor, is confused with the copperhead but differentiated by its elongated blotches, typically on an orange or brownish background, and round pupils. These snakes are valuable rodent controllers in agricultural and residential areas. The black racer is a sleek, uniformly black snake with smooth scales.
The Eastern kingsnake is a powerful constrictor known for consuming other snakes, including venomous ones. It has a glossy black body with white or yellow chain-like bands.
Garter snakes are common and variable in appearance, featuring three light stripes against a darker background. They are small and harmless, found in gardens and near water sources.
Rat snakes, such as the Eastern rat snake, are excellent climbers found in trees or around buildings. They have a dark body with blotches or stripes that become less distinct with age. These non-venomous species contribute to ecosystem health by preying on rodents and insects.
Where Snakes Live and How They Behave
Snakes in North Carolina occupy diverse habitats, adapting to various environmental conditions. They are found in dense forests, open woodlands, wetlands, marshes, and suburban backyards. Many species prefer areas with ample cover like leaf litter, rocky outcrops, fallen logs, and dense vegetation, providing shelter from predators and opportunities for ambushing prey. Aquatic species, like the cottonmouth, are typically found near permanent water sources, including rivers, lakes, and swamps.
Snake behavior varies by species and environmental factors. Many snakes are ambush predators, lying in wait for prey, while others actively forage. When threatened, snakes exhibit various defensive behaviors. They may coil their bodies, hiss loudly, vibrate their tails (even without a rattle), or strike defensively.
Some species, like the Eastern hognose snake, play dead by rolling onto their backs and emitting a foul odor. Activity patterns also differ, with some snakes being diurnal, while others are nocturnal.
Safe Encounters and Coexistence
Encountering a snake in North Carolina can be common, and understanding how to react safely is important. Wear appropriate footwear, such as closed-toe shoes or boots, when walking in tall grass or wooded areas. Clearing brush, woodpiles, and debris from around homes can reduce potential hiding spots. Exercise caution and watch where you step or place your hands, especially in areas where snakes might bask, to avoid surprising them.
If a snake is encountered, give it ample space and observe it from a distance. Do not attempt to approach, handle, or provoke the snake, as this can lead to defensive actions. Allowing the snake to move away on its own is the safest course of action. In the rare event of a snakebite, seek immediate medical attention by calling emergency services. Do not apply a tourniquet, cut the wound, or suck out venom. Do not try to capture or kill the snake for identification; medical professionals can identify it based on symptoms. Respecting snakes and their ecological role allows for peaceful coexistence in shared environments.