Georgia is home to over 40 snake species across its varied landscapes. The vast majority of these reptiles are non-venomous and play an important environmental role. Understanding their characteristics and behaviors can foster safety and appreciation for these creatures.
Venomous Snakes in Georgia
Of Georgia’s numerous snake species, only seven are venomous. These include the Copperhead, Cottonmouth (also known as Water Moccasin), Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake, Timber Rattlesnake, Pygmy Rattlesnake, and Eastern Coral Snake. Familiarity with their appearance and habitats is important for identification.
The Copperhead is recognized by its copper-colored head and hourglass-shaped bands that are wider on the sides and narrower along the back. These snakes grow to about 3 feet and are found in wooded areas, rocky hillsides, and suburban neighborhoods throughout Georgia.
Cottonmouths, or Water Moccasins, are semi-aquatic snakes, usually olive or dark brown with darker bands that may become obscure with age. They reach 2 to 4 feet and prefer swamps, rivers, and lakes, displaying a white, “cotton-like” interior of their mouth when threatened.
Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnakes are the largest venomous snakes in North America, growing up to 7 feet long. They have a thick body with distinctive diamond-shaped patterns, typically brown to gray with dark diamonds outlined in white, and a prominent rattle. These rattlesnakes inhabit sandy upland areas like pine forests and flatwoods in southern Georgia.
Timber Rattlesnakes are large, heavy-bodied snakes, reaching up to 6 feet. They have a background color ranging from pink to brown, often featuring dark chevron-shaped bands and a solid black tail. They are found in various habitats, including forests and rocky areas.
Pygmy Rattlesnakes are smaller, 1 to 2 feet long, with a light gray or brown body marked by dark blotches and often a reddish stripe down the back. Their small rattle can be difficult to hear. They are found throughout the state, often in sandy soils or near water.
The Eastern Coral Snake is slender, around 2 feet long, and identifiable by its bright red, yellow, and black rings. A common rhyme helps distinguish it from mimics: “red touches yellow, kill a fellow; red touches black, venom lack.” These reclusive snakes are found in scattered localities in the southern Coastal Plain, preferring pine flatwoods and hardwood forests.
Non-Venomous Snakes in Georgia
Georgia’s non-venomous snake population is much larger and more diverse than its venomous one, comprising over 40 species. These snakes play beneficial roles in the ecosystem, helping control populations of rodents, insects, and other small animals.
Black Racers are sleek, black snakes that grow up to 5 feet long, with a smooth appearance. Juveniles have a blotchy pattern that fades with age. They are fast-moving and found in various habitats, including open fields and wooded areas.
Garter Snakes, often called “garden snakes,” are common across Georgia and recognized by longitudinal stripes, usually yellow, down a dark body. They reach 2 to 4.5 feet and reside in meadows, woodlands, and suburban backyards, often near water.
Corn Snakes, also known as Red Rat Snakes, are slender, orange or reddish-brown with black-edged blotches down their backs and a distinctive black and white checkered belly pattern. They range from 3 to 6 feet and inhabit diverse environments, including forests and agricultural areas, often seeking shelter in old buildings.
Rat Snakes are constrictors that primarily feed on rodents, making them beneficial for pest control. These snakes are adept climbers and found in wooded areas, barns, and attics.
King Snakes are known for their ability to prey on other snakes, including venomous ones, due to their natural immunity to many venoms. The Eastern King Snake is black with white or light yellow chain-like patterns and grows 3 to 5 feet long.
Hognose Snakes are unique for their upturned snouts and defensive display of flattening their heads like a cobra or playing dead. Eastern Hognose Snakes are thick-bodied and variable in color, while Southern Hognose Snakes are typically smaller, gray, tan, or reddish with dark blotches. They prefer sandy soils and primarily eat toads.
Identifying Georgia Snakes
Distinguishing between venomous and non-venomous snakes from a safe distance is important for human safety and snake conservation. Several general characteristics aid in identification without requiring close inspection.
Pit vipers, which include all venomous snakes in Georgia except the Eastern Coral Snake, often possess a triangular head shape that is distinctly wider than their neck. Non-venomous snakes typically have a more rounded or slender head that is proportionate to their body. Another indicator is pupil shape: pit vipers usually have elliptical or cat-like pupils, while most non-venomous snakes have round pupils.
Scale patterns and coloration offer clues, though some non-venomous species mimic venomous ones. For example, the Eastern Coral Snake’s distinct red-on-yellow banding pattern is a key identifier. Behavioral cues are also helpful; rattlesnakes produce a buzzing sound with their rattle when threatened. Some non-venomous snakes like Black Racers or Eastern Hognose Snakes may mimic rattlesnakes by vibrating their tails in dry leaves or flattening their heads.
Safe Encounters and Coexistence
Encountering a snake in Georgia is a possibility. The most important rule for any snake encounter is to maintain a respectful distance and avoid provoking the animal. Most snake bites occur when people attempt to handle, harass, or kill snakes.
If a snake is encountered, backing away slowly provides it with an escape route. It is advisable to observe the snake from a distance and avoid sudden movements that might startle it. Snakes are generally not aggressive and prefer to avoid confrontation.
For those concerned about snakes around their homes, several measures can make a property less attractive to them. Keeping yards tidy by removing brush piles, woodpiles, and tall grass eliminates potential hiding spots. Reducing food sources, such as rodents and insects, also discourages snakes from lingering. This can involve rodent control and ensuring pet food is not left outdoors. Sealing entry points like cracks in foundations, gaps under doors, and openings around pipes can prevent snakes from entering homes or other structures. Understanding that snakes are a natural part of Georgia’s ecosystem and practicing caution can lead to harmonious coexistence.