Uterine fibroid embolization (UFE) is a minimally invasive procedure for non-cancerous uterine fibroids. It works by blocking the blood supply to fibroids, causing them to shrink over time. UFE offers an alternative to more invasive surgical options for managing symptoms like heavy bleeding or pelvic pressure. An interventional radiologist guides a catheter to the fibroid-supplying arteries, injecting tiny particles to obstruct blood flow and cut off their nutrient supply.
Immediate Post-Procedure Recovery
In the initial 24 to 72 hours following UFE, patients experience various symptoms. Moderate to severe pelvic pain and cramping, similar to intense menstrual cramps, are common as fibroids react to blocked blood flow. Healthcare providers manage this discomfort with prescribed pain medications, including anti-inflammatories or mild narcotics. Nausea is also frequent, and anti-nausea medications are often provided.
Fatigue and a low-grade fever (below 101°F/38.3°C) are common. These flu-like symptoms are a natural response as fibroid tissue loses blood supply. Vaginal bleeding or spotting, which can appear brown or reddish-brown, may also occur. Rest is important, and patients are advised to limit strenuous activities.
Weeks Following the Procedure
Recovery continues for one to six weeks following UFE. Patients experience a gradual reduction in pain and discomfort, though some mild cramping or pelvic pressure may persist. Vaginal discharge or spotting is common, sometimes blood-tinged or dark, and may contain small pieces of fibroid tissue as the body expels necrotic material. This discharge is normal and does not indicate infection.
Fatigue can persist, especially during the first week, as the body heals. Most individuals can return to light activities and work within 7 to 14 days, depending on their job and recovery progress. Avoid lifting heavy objects (over 10 pounds) for at least 48 hours and strenuous exercise for at least one week to prevent increased blood flow.
Long-Term Results and Monitoring
Significant symptom improvement following UFE becomes apparent over several months. Many patients notice a reduction in heavy menstrual bleeding and pelvic discomfort within three months. Fibroids continue to shrink for six to nine months or up to a year, as deprived tissue is reabsorbed by the body. This sustained shrinkage contributes to long-term symptom relief.
Follow-up appointments are important for monitoring UFE effectiveness. Imaging, such as an MRI, is often performed three to six months post-procedure to assess fibroid reduction and uterine volume changes. While UFE aims to preserve the uterus, some women may experience temporary changes in their menstrual cycles, including lighter or irregular periods. The procedure may also impact fertility, which should be discussed with a healthcare provider.
Recognizing Potential Complications
Certain symptoms after UFE indicate a need for immediate medical attention, as they may signal a complication. Severe or worsening pain that does not improve with prescribed medication should be reported promptly. Heavy vaginal bleeding (soaking one or more sanitary pads per hour) or large blood clots warrants urgent evaluation. A fever exceeding 101°F (38.3°C), especially if accompanied by chills or if it persists for more than three days, could indicate an infection.
Foul-smelling vaginal discharge may suggest an infection and requires contacting a healthcare provider. Symptoms of deep vein thrombosis (DVT), such as leg swelling, pain, or tenderness, also necessitate immediate medical care. Any active bleeding or a fast-growing, painful lump at the catheter insertion site should be addressed without delay.