Partial knee replacement is a surgical option for individuals experiencing arthritis in only one section of their knee. This procedure replaces only the damaged part of the knee with prosthetic components, aiming to relieve pain and improve mobility while preserving healthy tissue. This article outlines what to expect during the various stages of recovery, from the immediate post-operative period to long-term care.
Immediately After Surgery
Following a partial knee replacement, patients wake up in a recovery room where medical staff monitor vital signs and manage initial discomfort. Pain control often begins with nerve blocks, such as a femoral nerve block, providing several hours of relief, supplemented by intravenous pain medication for breakthrough pain. Within hours of the procedure, physical therapists initiate gentle exercises like ankle pumps and knee bending to promote circulation and prevent stiffness.
The hospital stay after partial knee replacement is short, lasting 1 to 3 days, with some patients going home the same day. During this time, patients practice standing, pivoting, and walking short distances with a walker or crutches. Before discharge, patients are guided through basic activities such as managing stairs. The surgical incision is covered with a sterile dressing.
First Weeks of Recovery at Home
Upon returning home, continued pain management shifts to oral medications, including prescription pain relievers, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and acetaminophen. Swelling is common during the initial weeks and can be managed through regular elevation of the leg, applying ice packs, and using compression. The incision site requires careful attention; it should be kept clean and dry, with a sterile dressing initially, and patients are advised to avoid full immersion in water until cleared by their surgeon. It is important to monitor for signs of infection, such as increased redness, warmth, persistent pain, discharge, or fever.
Mobility during this period relies on assistive devices like crutches or a walker, which provide stability. Patients gradually decrease their reliance on these aids as their strength and balance improve. Daily activities, such as driving, are restricted, particularly if the surgery was on the right knee or while taking opioid pain medication. Light household chores are acceptable, but strenuous activities and heavy lifting should be avoided.
Rest is crucial, supporting the healing process. Initial physical therapy exercises, demonstrated before discharge, focus on gentle range of motion and movements to prevent blood clots.
Rehabilitation and Return to Activity
Formal physical therapy begins a few weeks after surgery, continuing for 6 to 12 weeks, playing a central role in regaining full knee function. These structured sessions focus on restoring the knee’s full range of motion, strengthening the muscles surrounding the joint, including the quadriceps, hamstrings, and glutes, and improving overall balance and gait mechanics. Exercises gradually progress from simple movements to more challenging activities to build endurance and flexibility.
As strength and mobility improve, activities are progressively increased. This includes walking longer distances, incorporating low-impact exercises like stationary cycling, and eventually light resistance training. Return to work and other activities varies by individual and job demands. Low-impact recreational activities, such as swimming or cycling, can be resumed after 6 to 12 weeks, depending on individual progress. High-impact activities like running, jumping, and contact sports are not recommended long-term to preserve the implant and natural knee structures. Consistent adherence to the physical therapy program and home exercises is important for achieving optimal recovery and long-term outcomes.
Long-Term Outlook and Ongoing Care
The journey to maximum recovery after partial knee replacement can extend from 6 months to a year or even longer for some individuals, with continued improvements in strength and flexibility throughout this period. Partial knee replacement implants are designed for durability, with many functioning well for 10 to 15 years or more. Factors influencing longevity include a patient’s age at surgery, body weight, activity level, and the specific implant design.
Regular follow-up appointments with the surgeon are important to monitor the condition of the implant and overall knee health. These visits may include X-rays to assess implant position and identify any signs of wear or loosening. Maintaining a healthy weight helps reduce stress on the knee joint and can contribute to the implant’s longevity. Engaging in regular low-impact exercises, such as walking or cycling, helps maintain muscle strength and joint flexibility without excessive strain.
Protecting the knee from falls or direct impacts is also a consideration for long-term care. Patients should seek medical attention if they experience persistent or worsening pain, new or increased swelling, warmth, redness around the incision, fever, or a feeling of instability in the knee, as these could indicate potential complications like infection or implant issues.