An insulin overdose occurs when an individual administers more insulin than their body requires. This excess insulin leads to hypoglycemia, a condition characterized by dangerously low blood sugar levels. Insulin’s primary function is to help cells absorb glucose from the bloodstream for energy. When too much insulin is present, cells absorb an excessive amount, leaving insufficient glucose in the blood for proper bodily function.
Immediate Steps to Take
Recognizing the symptoms of low blood sugar is the first step in addressing an insulin overdose. Mild hypoglycemia can manifest as dizziness, hunger, fatigue, irritability, difficulty concentrating, a rapid heartbeat, nausea, or sweating. If these signs appear, act quickly to raise blood glucose levels.
For mild cases, consuming fast-acting carbohydrates is effective. Options include a quick-release glucose drink, a high-sugar fruit juice, a regular soda, a piece of hard candy, a sugar lump, or raisins. Consume about 15 grams of carbohydrates to quickly elevate blood sugar. After 15 minutes, recheck blood sugar to see if levels have returned to a safe range. If blood sugar remains below 70 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dl), consume another 15 grams of fast-acting carbohydrates and repeat until levels stabilize.
If an individual is conscious but unable to eat, another person may help by smearing honey inside their cheek. If the person loses consciousness or cannot self-treat, severe hypoglycemia requires immediate medical attention. In such instances, call emergency services like 911.
A glucagon injection is another intervention for severe low blood sugar, especially when the person is unconscious or cannot consume carbohydrates orally. Glucagon is a hormone that prompts the liver to release stored glucose, thereby raising blood sugar levels. It should only be administered by someone trained to do so. If glucagon is not available or if the person remains unresponsive, seek emergency medical help without delay.
Monitoring and Recovery
After taking immediate action to raise blood sugar, continued monitoring is essential for recovery. Blood glucose levels should be checked approximately 15 minutes after consuming fast-acting carbohydrates to confirm that levels are rising. Continue monitoring blood sugar every few hours, especially with long-acting insulin, as its effects can persist.
If symptoms persist or worsen, or if blood sugar levels do not adequately rise, further intervention may be necessary. Delayed hypoglycemia can occur several hours after the initial event, particularly with longer-acting insulin types, requiring ongoing vigilance. Basal insulins, for example, work slowly and can pose a risk of low blood sugar for 12-18 hours.
Following an insulin overdose, contact a healthcare provider or diabetes team for guidance. They can assess the situation, adjust insulin regimens, and provide personalized advice for continued care. If blood sugars remain unmanageable or very large doses were taken, seek urgent medical care at a local emergency department.
Strategies for Prevention
Preventing future incidents of taking too much insulin involves careful management and communication. Double-checking insulin doses before administration reduces error risk. Some individuals use a glucose diary to log readings and insulin doses, while others may benefit from smart insulin pens that automatically record doses.
Understanding the different types of insulin, such as short-acting (bolus) and long-acting (basal) insulin, is important to avoid confusion and accidental administration of the wrong type. Proper storage of insulin helps maintain its potency and effectiveness. Using insulin pens and syringes correctly and with proper technique also contributes to safety.
Regular communication with healthcare providers about insulin regimens is important. Discussing any challenges with insulin delivery, changes in diet or activity, or concerns about dosing can help healthcare professionals make necessary adjustments to the treatment plan. This helps optimize insulin therapy and minimize overdose risk.