Bloodborne pathogens are infectious microorganisms in human blood that can cause diseases like hepatitis B (HBV), hepatitis C (HCV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Exposure can occur through needlestick injuries, cuts, or contact with mucous membranes (e.g., eyes, nose, mouth). Taking immediate action after potential exposure significantly reduces infection risk. This guide outlines essential steps if you are exposed to bloodborne pathogens.
Immediate Steps After Exposure
Immediate actions minimize potential harm. If skin is exposed (e.g., needlestick, cut), thoroughly wash the area with soap and water. This removes infectious material. Avoid vigorous scrubbing or squeezing the wound, which could force contaminants deeper.
For mucous membrane exposures (e.g., eyes, nose, mouth), immediate, extensive flushing is necessary. Irrigate with large amounts of clean water, saline, or sterile irrigants for at least 15 minutes. Remove contact lenses during flushing. Remove contaminated clothing promptly.
Reporting the Incident
After first aid, report the incident without delay. Inform your supervisor, safety officer, or healthcare provider promptly for timely medical evaluation. Prompt reporting is urgent, as some interventions are time-sensitive.
Provide specific exposure details. Include date, time, location, and type of fluid or material. Identifying the source, if known, aids risk assessment. Documentation is crucial for medical follow-up and regulatory compliance.
Medical Evaluation and Treatment
A healthcare professional will assess the exposure’s type and severity. Assessment considers fluid volume, exposure route, and source individual’s infectious status (if available). These details help determine transmission risk.
Blood tests will be performed on the exposed individual for baseline HIV, Hepatitis B, and Hepatitis C status. If the source is known and consents, their blood may also be tested. This dual testing determines if infection was present at exposure or developed afterward. All tests should be conducted by an accredited facility and provided at no cost.
Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) involves medications to prevent infection after exposure, primarily for HIV and potentially Hepatitis B. For HIV, PEP is most effective within hours, ideally 24, and generally not recommended after 72 hours. Treatment typically involves a 28-day course of antiretroviral medications. Adherence to the prescribed PEP regimen is important.
For Hepatitis B, PEP can prevent transmission, especially if administered promptly. This may involve a Hepatitis B vaccine series (if not immune) and, in some cases, Hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG). No post-exposure prophylactic treatment is available for Hepatitis C. A tetanus booster may be administered if indicated.
Follow-Up Care and Monitoring
Ongoing monitoring is important for managing bloodborne pathogen exposures. Subsequent blood tests are conducted over several months to check for seroconversion (antibody development). For HIV, follow-up testing may occur at 6 weeks, 3 and 6 months post-exposure; Hepatitis C testing at 3 and 6 months.
Monitor for symptoms of infection and report them to a healthcare professional immediately. Counseling services provide support, discuss exposure implications, and offer guidance on preventing secondary transmission. Confidentiality of all medical records and information is maintained.