Pepper spray, also known as oleoresin capsicum (OC) spray, is a common self-defense tool. Its active ingredient, capsaicin, derived from chili peppers, causes intense irritation and pain upon contact with sensitive areas like the eyes. When it contacts mucous membranes, it triggers an immediate inflammatory response by binding to pain receptors. This leads to severe burning sensations, involuntary eye closure, and profuse tearing.
First Aid for Eye Exposure
Immediately after exposure, move to an area with fresh air to minimize continued exposure to the irritant. The primary and most effective first aid step for pepper spray in the eyes is continuous, copious flushing with cool water or a saline solution. This helps dilute and wash away the oil-based capsaicin.
While flushing, hold the eyelids open, despite the burning sensation and involuntary muscle spasms. A shower head can provide a continuous stream of water for effective irrigation. Rapid blinking also helps produce tears, which flush the chemical from the eyes.
If contact lenses are worn, remove them quickly with clean fingers and discard them, as residue can cling and prolong irritation. Avoid rubbing the eyes, as this can spread the irritant and cause corneal abrasions.
Relieving Persistent Discomfort
Discomfort from pepper spray can persist even after initial flushing. Effects last between 20 to 90 minutes, though eye irritation and redness may continue for up to 24 hours. Continued, intermittent flushing with cool water or saline helps manage lingering symptoms.
Apply cool, wet compresses to closed eyes and surrounding skin to soothe and reduce burning. Remain in a well-ventilated space and avoid additional irritants like smoke or strong odors. Over time, the body’s natural defenses will eliminate the capsaicin, and symptoms will subside.
Knowing When to Seek Medical Care
While pepper spray exposure is temporary and not life-threatening, certain symptoms warrant professional medical attention. If severe eye pain, blurred vision, or extreme sensitivity to light persists for more than a few hours after thorough flushing, medical evaluation is recommended. Signs of chemical burns to the eye, such as white or opaque spots on the surface, severe redness, or swelling, require immediate medical assessment.
Individuals with pre-existing eye conditions, respiratory issues like asthma or COPD, or heart conditions may experience more severe reactions and should seek medical care promptly. If a sensation persists that something is still in the eye despite flushing, or if allergic reaction symptoms develop, consult a healthcare provider. Persistent coughing, difficulty breathing, or chest pain after exposure are reasons to seek urgent medical attention.
Actions to Avoid
Avoid several common reactions or attempted remedies after pepper spray exposure, as they can worsen the situation. Do not rub the eyes, as this can spread the oil-based irritant to other areas of the face and cause corneal abrasions.
Do not attempt to neutralize pepper spray with oil-based products like milk, lotions, or creams directly in the eyes. These substances can trap capsaicin, prolonging the burning sensation, and milk may introduce bacteria. Avoid using harsh soaps or cleansers directly in the eyes, as these can cause further irritation and damage. Do not re-enter the contaminated area until it has been thoroughly ventilated, as re-exposure will prolong discomfort.