When a tooth breaks off at the gum line, the visible part of the tooth fractures, often leaving the root embedded. This is a dental emergency requiring immediate professional attention. The fracture can expose inner tooth layers, like the dentin or pulp, causing pain and sensitivity. Prompt care prevents complications and helps determine the best course of action.
Immediate Steps to Take
If a tooth breaks at the gum line, remaining calm is important. Gently rinse your mouth with warm water to clear any debris and clean the affected area. If there is any bleeding, apply gentle pressure with a clean cloth or gauze until the bleeding subsides.
Apply a cold compress or ice pack to your cheek to manage pain and swelling. Over-the-counter pain relievers can help, but avoid aspirin due to bleeding risk. Retrieve any broken tooth fragments, rinse them, and store them in a clean container to bring to the dentist. Do not attempt reattachment, as this can cause further damage. Contact an emergency dental professional as soon as possible; timely intervention impacts the outcome.
Professional Dental Treatment
The approach to treating a tooth broken at the gum line depends on the extent of the damage, particularly whether the tooth’s nerve (pulp) is exposed or infected, and the condition of the remaining root structure. If the fracture extends into the pulp, a root canal may be necessary to remove infected tissue, clean the area, and seal the tooth to prevent further infection. This procedure helps preserve the tooth’s structure.
Following a root canal, or if the pulp is not affected but there is sufficient healthy tooth structure remaining, a dental crown can be placed. A crown is a cap that covers the entire visible portion of the tooth, restoring its function and appearance. If the break is below the gum line and not enough tooth is exposed to support a crown, a crown lengthening procedure might be performed to reshape the gum and bone, revealing more of the tooth structure.
If the tooth is severely damaged, especially with deep root fracture or extensive infection, extraction may be the only option. After extraction, replacement solutions include dental implants or bridges. Implants involve surgically placing an artificial tooth root into the jawbone to support a prosthetic tooth. A bridge uses adjacent teeth to support a false tooth. A thorough dental examination determines the best treatment.
Consequences of Delayed Care
Delaying treatment can lead to complications. A primary risk is infection, as exposed inner tooth layers provide an entry point for bacteria. This can result in a dental abscess, a pocket of pus around the tooth root, causing pain, swelling, and potential spread to surrounding tissues. Infections can also lead to broader health problems if bacteria enter the bloodstream.
Untreated fractures worsen over time, increasing pain and sensitivity to hot or cold. Sharp edges of the broken tooth can irritate the tongue, cheeks, or gums. Delayed care can also compromise neighboring teeth, making them susceptible to decay or damage. Ultimately, delaying care may make the tooth unsalvageable, requiring extraction, a more extensive and costly procedure.
Preventing Tooth Fractures
Preventing tooth fractures involves addressing factors that weaken tooth structure and avoiding traumatic injuries. Severe tooth decay is a common cause, weakening the tooth and making it prone to breaking. Consistent oral hygiene, including brushing and flossing, helps prevent decay. Trauma from accidents, sports injuries, or biting hard objects can also cause breaks. Wearing a mouthguard during sports provides protection against impacts.
For those who grind or clench their teeth (bruxism), a nightguard reduces pressure and prevents fractures. Old or large dental fillings can weaken tooth structure, increasing breakage risk. Regular dental check-ups allow dentists to identify and address these issues, replacing old fillings or recommending other preventive measures.