Anaphylaxis is a severe, rapidly progressing allergic reaction that can be life-threatening. It occurs when the body’s immune system overreacts to a substance, such as certain foods, insect stings, medications, or latex. This reaction affects multiple body systems simultaneously. Recognizing the signs and acting quickly are important for managing this medical emergency.
Identifying an Anaphylactic Reaction
Anaphylaxis often manifests with a combination of symptoms across different body systems. Skin reactions are common, including hives, itching, flushing, or a pale appearance. Swelling of the face, lips, throat, or other body parts can also occur rapidly.
Respiratory symptoms involve difficulty breathing, wheezing, or a constricted feeling in the airways. Some individuals may experience a hoarse voice or a sensation of throat tightness. These difficulties can compromise oxygen intake.
Gastrointestinal symptoms include abdominal pain, cramping, vomiting, or diarrhea. Cardiovascular signs such as dizziness, lightheadedness, a weak and rapid pulse, or a sudden drop in blood pressure indicate a worsening reaction.
Emergency Response Actions
The immediate first action when a guest experiences a suspected anaphylactic reaction is to call emergency services. Dialing 911 (or your local emergency number) is the first step, even before administering medication. Clearly state that the person is having a severe allergic reaction and provide your exact location.
Administering epinephrine is the first-line treatment for anaphylaxis. If the guest has a prescribed epinephrine auto-injector, such as an EpiPen or Auvi-Q, and you are trained or instructed on its use, prepare to administer it. Remove the safety cap, place the orange tip firmly against the outer thigh, and hold it in place for several seconds as directed by the device’s instructions. Epinephrine works by constricting blood vessels and relaxing airway muscles, counteracting the effects of the allergic reaction.
After administering epinephrine, help the person lie flat on their back with their legs elevated, if possible. This position helps maintain blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. If the individual is experiencing breathing difficulties or is vomiting, it may be more comfortable for them to sit up slightly or lie on their side to prevent choking.
Remain with the person and monitor their breathing and consciousness while awaiting emergency medical personnel. Keep them calm and reassure them that help is on the way. Do not attempt to give them oral medications, food, or drink, as this could worsen their condition or lead to choking.
Post-Reaction Care and Monitoring
Even if symptoms appear to improve after epinephrine administration, professional medical evaluation is necessary. Anaphylaxis can have a biphasic reaction, meaning a second wave of symptoms can occur hours after the initial reaction has subsided. This secondary reaction can be as severe, or more severe, than the first.
When paramedics arrive, provide them with information about the incident. Explain what the person may have been exposed to, such as specific foods or insect stings, and when the symptoms began. Inform them if epinephrine was administered, noting the time and dosage.
The individual will need to be transported to a hospital for observation and medical care. Healthcare professionals will monitor their vital signs and ensure no further reactions occur. This monitoring period typically lasts several hours to watch for any late-onset symptoms.
Following discharge from the hospital, the individual should follow up with an allergist. An allergist can help identify the trigger through testing. They can also provide guidance on how to avoid future exposures and develop a personalized emergency action plan, which often includes a prescription for additional epinephrine auto-injectors.