Dog licks are a common expression of affection, yet they can raise concerns when they involve an open wound. While a dog’s saliva possesses some beneficial compounds, it also contains diverse bacteria that can pose risks to human health, especially when introduced into compromised skin. Understanding the potential dangers and appropriate responses is important for pet owners.
Initial Actions
Prompt cleaning is the most important first step if a dog licks an open wound. Begin by thoroughly washing the affected area with soap and warm running water for several minutes; this helps to mechanically remove saliva and potential bacteria. After washing, gently pat the wound dry with a clean cloth. Apply a suitable antiseptic solution, such as povidone-iodine or chlorhexidine, to further reduce bacterial load. Once the antiseptic has dried, cover the wound with a clean, sterile bandage to protect it from further contamination and promote healing.
Understanding the Dangers
A dog’s mouth harbors numerous bacteria that can cause infections if transferred to an open wound. While part of normal canine oral flora, these bacteria become problematic when entering the human bloodstream through broken skin.
Specific Bacteria
One common bacterium found in dog saliva is Pasteurella, particularly Pasteurella multocida, which can lead to rapid-onset infections like cellulitis, abscesses, and in more severe cases, conditions such as septic arthritis or osteomyelitis. Another concerning bacterium is Capnocytophaga canimorsus, which, though rare, can cause severe and potentially fatal infections, especially in individuals with weakened immune systems. Infections from Capnocytophaga canimorsus can progress rapidly, leading to sepsis, organ failure, and even gangrene.
Staphylococcus and Streptococcus
Staphylococcus and Streptococcus species are also present in canine mouths. While some strains of Staphylococcus are part of the normal microbiome, others like Staphylococcus intermedius can cause wound infections in humans. Similarly, Streptococcus canis, commonly found on a dog’s skin and in its oral cavity, can infect open wounds, potentially leading to more severe conditions like necrotizing fasciitis or streptococcal toxic shock syndrome in rare instances.
Signs for Professional Care
While immediate wound cleaning is important, certain signs and situations necessitate professional medical attention after a dog has licked a wound. Any wound that is deep, a puncture wound, or one that involves significant bleeding should be evaluated by a healthcare provider, as these types of wounds present a higher risk for serious infection due to deeper tissue penetration. Monitor the wound for signs of infection, including increasing redness, swelling, warmth around the wound, persistent pain, or the presence of pus or foul-smelling discharge. A fever, chills, or general malaise can signify that the infection is spreading systemically, requiring immediate medical intervention. Immunocompromised individuals, such as those with diabetes, liver disease, or those undergoing chemotherapy, are at a significantly higher risk for severe infections from dog saliva bacteria and should seek medical advice promptly even for seemingly minor exposures.