Edible cannabis products often resemble familiar candies, cookies, or brownies, posing a significant health threat to children. These items contain high concentrations of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the psychoactive compound in cannabis. Since a single edible can contain multiple adult doses, accidental ingestion is a medical emergency requiring immediate professional attention. A child’s reaction to ingested THC is unpredictable, and rapid action is necessary to prevent severe toxicity.
Recognizing the Signs of Accidental Ingestion
The initial effects of ingestion are often delayed, typically appearing between 30 minutes and four hours after consumption. The severity of the reaction is directly related to the child’s small body weight and the high concentration of THC consumed. Common signs of intoxication include central nervous system depression, such as noticeable drowsiness or lethargy, which is the most frequently reported symptom in pediatric cases.
The child may also exhibit poor coordination, known as ataxia, causing unsteadiness or difficulty walking. Physiological responses often include a rapid heart rate (tachycardia) and vomiting. In severe intoxications, symptoms become life-threatening, involving respiratory depression (slowed or shallow breathing), low blood pressure (hypotension), seizures, or a coma. Symptoms can persist for up to 12 hours or more, necessitating prolonged monitoring.
Immediate Steps and Emergency Response
The first step is to remain calm and immediately contact Poison Control at 1-800-222-1222 for expert guidance. If the child is unresponsive, having a seizure, or experiencing significant difficulty breathing (apnea), call 911 immediately, as this indicates a severe medical crisis. While waiting for help, continuously monitor the child’s consciousness and breathing patterns.
Gather any remaining product packaging or fragments of the edible to determine the exact amount and concentration of THC ingested. This information is crucial for medical professionals. Do not attempt to induce vomiting, as this poses an aspiration risk if the child’s consciousness level decreases. Avoid giving the child food or water, as this can alter the rate of THC absorption, making the clinical course less predictable.
How THC Affects the Pediatric Body
The danger posed by edibles is rooted in how the body processes ingested THC compared to inhaled forms. When swallowed, THC passes through the digestive system and liver before entering the bloodstream. The liver converts delta-9-THC into 11-hydroxy-THC, a more potent compound responsible for a more intense and prolonged effect.
The immaturity of a child’s liver and metabolic enzyme systems means the clearance of THC is often slow and inefficient. Because THC is fat-soluble, it is readily stored in body tissues, contributing to the delayed onset and extended duration of intoxication. A child’s small body mass means that even a small amount of THC results in a high concentration per kilogram of body weight, increasing the risk of serious toxicity.
Medical Management and Home Safety
Medical treatment for pediatric edible ingestion is primarily supportive, focusing on managing symptoms until the THC has been metabolized and eliminated. Once in the emergency department, the child will be monitored closely, with healthcare providers tracking vital signs like heart rate, blood pressure, and oxygen saturation. Treatment may involve administering intravenous fluids to combat dehydration or providing supplemental oxygen if breathing is compromised.
In severe cases, a child may require admission to an intensive care unit for specialized monitoring, including respiratory support or intubation.
Prevention
Prevention is the only way to eliminate the risk of accidental exposure. All cannabis products, including edibles, oils, and flower, should be treated like prescription medication. They must be stored in a locked container or cabinet, out of a child’s reach and sight. Crucially, they should never be kept near regular food or snacks, even if the packaging is child-resistant.