Gum recession is a common dental concern where the gum tissue surrounding the teeth gradually pulls back, exposing more of the tooth’s surface or its root. This process can create small gaps or “pockets” between the teeth and gumline, which can become areas where bacteria accumulate. Addressing gum recession promptly is important to prevent further damage to the supporting tissues and bone structures of the teeth, which could otherwise lead to complications like tooth loss.
Understanding Gum Recession: Causes and Indicators
Gum recession stems from various factors. Aggressive tooth brushing, characterized by scrubbing horizontally with excessive force, is a frequent cause, as it can wear away both tooth enamel and gum tissue. Poor oral hygiene also plays a role, as plaque and tartar buildup can lead to gum inflammation and disease, causing gums to recede.
Other contributing factors include:
Genetics: Some individuals are predisposed to gum disease.
Hormonal changes: Such as those occurring during pregnancy, can make gums more sensitive and prone to recession.
Tobacco use: Particularly smoking or chewing tobacco, is associated with sticky plaque buildup and gum irritation, which can lead to receding gums.
Teeth grinding or clenching (bruxism): Can exert excessive force on teeth and gums, contributing to recession.
Misaligned teeth or a misaligned bite: Can place uneven pressure on the gums, leading to recession in certain areas.
Body piercings: In the lip or tongue can rub against gum tissue, causing it to wear away over time.
Indicators of gum recession include increased tooth sensitivity, especially to hot or cold temperatures, because exposed tooth roots lack protective enamel. Teeth might also appear longer due to the visible root surface. Other signs include a visible notch or change in tooth color near the gumline, as the root’s cementum differs from enamel. Bleeding gums or persistent bad breath can also signal underlying gum issues.
At-Home Strategies and Prevention
Maintaining proper oral hygiene is important for managing and preventing further gum recession. Use a soft-bristled toothbrush, as medium or hard bristles can damage gum tissue. When brushing, hold the toothbrush at a 45-degree angle to the gumline, allowing bristles to reach slightly beneath the gums and dislodge plaque and bacteria. Gentle circular motions effectively clean all tooth surfaces without applying excessive pressure, which can harm gums and enamel. Brush for two minutes, twice a day, for thorough cleaning.
Daily flossing is important, as it removes food particles and plaque from between teeth and below the gumline, areas a toothbrush cannot easily reach. Flossing helps prevent plaque buildup that can lead to gum inflammation and disease, thereby reducing the risk of recession. Use about 18 inches of floss, wrapping most around your middle fingers, and gently slide it between teeth, curving it into a C-shape against each tooth to clean effectively. An antimicrobial mouthwash can also help control bacteria and reduce the risk of gum disease.
Beyond daily cleaning, lifestyle adjustments contribute to gum health. Quitting tobacco products helps, as tobacco use is a significant risk factor for gum recession. For individuals who grind or clench their teeth (bruxism), managing stress and using a custom nightguard can protect teeth and gums from excessive force. Maintaining a balanced diet supports overall oral health, contributing to stronger gums and reducing susceptibility to dental problems. Regular dental check-ups are important for professional cleanings and early detection, allowing for timely intervention.
Professional Treatment Approaches
When at-home strategies are insufficient, dental professionals offer various treatments for receding gums. Deep cleaning, known as scaling and root planing, is a common non-surgical approach, especially if gum disease contributes to recession. This procedure involves removing plaque and tartar from above and below the gumline, extending into pockets, and smoothing tooth root surfaces to encourage gum reattachment. This deep cleaning reduces harmful bacteria and improves the health of inflamed or bleeding gums.
For more significant gum recession, gum grafting procedures may be recommended to cover exposed roots or thicken gum tissue. These grafts help protect sensitive roots, reduce sensitivity, and improve the appearance of the gumline.
Connective Tissue Grafts
Tissue is taken from beneath a flap on the roof of the mouth and stitched over the exposed root.
Free Gingival Grafts
Tissue is taken directly from the top layer of the palate and is often used for individuals with naturally thin gums.
Pedicle Grafts
Tissue from healthy gums adjacent to the affected tooth is partially detached and stretched over the receded area.
Orthodontic treatment, such as braces, can sometimes address gum recession indirectly. If misaligned teeth contribute to recession by placing uneven pressure on the gums, moving them into proper alignment can reduce strain and improve gum health. While orthodontics cannot reverse existing recession, aligning teeth makes them easier to clean, which helps prevent further recession and maintains gum health.
Bonding or restorative procedures are another approach, particularly for exposed root surfaces. Dental bonding uses a tooth-colored composite resin applied to the exposed root to reduce sensitivity and improve aesthetics. This material covers the unprotected root, acting as a barrier against temperature changes and reducing the risk of decay on the softer cementum. While effective for mild to moderate cases and quickly masking visible signs of root exposure, it is not a permanent solution and may require replacement over time.