Oleoresin capsicum, commonly known as OC spray or pepper spray, is a non-lethal self-defense tool and crowd control agent derived from chili peppers. Its active ingredient, capsaicin, causes intense irritation and pain upon contact. When deployed, it rapidly inflames mucous membranes in the eyes, nose, throat, and lungs, leading to involuntary eye closure, a burning sensation on the skin and eyes, temporary visual impairment, and respiratory distress. These effects manifest within 2-3 seconds and peak within 5-15 minutes, creating a disorienting and painful experience.
Immediate Decontamination Steps
Upon exposure to OC spray, moving to an area with fresh air is the immediate and most beneficial first step to allow dissipation of the irritants. Avoid rubbing the eyes or other affected skin areas to prevent spreading the capsaicin and worsening the burning sensation. Friction can also prolong the discomfort and potentially cause further irritation.
Flushing the eyes with cool water or a saline solution should begin promptly, with irrigation directed from the inside corner of the eye outwards. This continuous flow helps wash away the irritant, though symptoms may persist for several minutes even with thorough flushing. If contact lenses are worn, remove them before or during flushing to prevent trapping the irritant against the eye’s surface.
Wash affected skin with mild, non-oil-based soap, such as baby shampoo, and cool water. Gently lather the soap and rinse thoroughly with cool water to remove the capsaicin, taking care not to re-expose yourself with contaminated water. Carefully remove and bag contaminated clothing to prevent further exposure to yourself and others. Focus on slow, controlled breathing techniques to help calm the respiratory system and alleviate feelings of panic or shortness of breath.
Practices to Avoid
When dealing with OC spray exposure, avoid certain actions that can intensify symptoms or delay recovery. Rubbing or wiping the affected areas can spread the capsaicin, increasing the burning sensation and prolonging discomfort. The oil-based nature of OC spray means rubbing can embed the irritant deeper into the skin.
Avoid applying oil-based creams, lotions, or salves, as these can trap the capsaicin on the skin and impede its removal, worsening the burning sensation. Using hot water for washing can open skin pores, which may increase capsaicin absorption and intensify the burning. Cool water is preferred for decontamination.
Avoid direct application of ice, as it can cause further skin irritation or damage. Remaining calm is also important, as panicking can exacerbate breathing difficulties and feelings of disorientation.
When to Seek Professional Help
While OC spray exposure results in temporary symptoms, certain indicators warrant immediate medical attention. If eye pain, blurred vision, or difficulty breathing persist for more than 45-60 minutes after initial decontamination, professional evaluation is advisable. These prolonged symptoms could indicate a more severe reaction or underlying issue.
Signs of a severe allergic reaction, such as significant swelling, hives, or widespread rash, require prompt medical assessment. Individuals with pre-existing conditions like asthma, heart conditions, or severe respiratory issues should seek medical help if their symptoms are exacerbated following exposure, as they may be at higher risk for complications. Any suspicion of corneal abrasion, other eye injury, or severe discomfort that does not improve after decontamination should prompt a visit to a healthcare professional.