The rapid ascent to high elevations in Colorado often causes visitors to experience altitude sickness, formally known as Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS). This illness occurs because air pressure drops as you climb, meaning each breath delivers less oxygen to the body than at sea level. Colorado’s common destinations, such as Denver (5,280 feet) and ski resorts exceeding 9,000 feet, place many travelers above the 8,000-foot elevation where symptoms frequently begin. Recognizing the signs of AMS and knowing how to respond is important for safely enjoying the state’s mountain environment.
Proactive Steps for Prevention
The most effective way to address altitude sickness is to prevent it by giving the body sufficient time to acclimatize to the reduced oxygen levels. A gradual ascent is the primary method of prevention, ideally spending a night or two at a moderate elevation, such as Denver or Colorado Springs (around 6,000 feet), before traveling to higher mountain towns. Above 8,000 feet, limit daily sleeping elevation increases to no more than 1,000 to 1,600 feet, which allows the body to adjust.
Increased water intake is a significant preventive measure, as the dry air and increased respiration at altitude cause the body to lose moisture more quickly. Staying well-hydrated combats the dehydration that can worsen AMS symptoms, so drinking substantially more water than usual is advised. You should also temporarily avoid alcohol, which can depress the respiratory drive and accelerate dehydration, and limit caffeine consumption upon arrival.
Dietary adjustments can also help the body cope with the metabolic stress of altitude. The body works harder to obtain oxygen, burning more calories than normal, so consuming enough calories is important for energy. Focusing on complex carbohydrates, which are efficiently metabolized for energy, supports the body’s increased demands during acclimatization.
For those with a history of altitude sickness or those planning a rapid ascent to high elevations, prescription medication can be considered. Acetazolamide (Diamox) is frequently recommended as a prophylactic drug because it acts as a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. This action stimulates breathing, which helps the body adjust its acid-base balance and quickens the acclimatization process.
Identifying and Treating Mild Symptoms
When mild AMS symptoms appear, typically within six to twenty-four hours of reaching altitude, the immediate response should be to cease further ascent and rest. Common symptoms include a headache, often the earliest sign, along with mild nausea, fatigue, loss of appetite, and difficulty sleeping. Ignoring these symptoms, which indicate the body is struggling to adjust, can lead to more serious complications.
The “golden rule” for treatment is to not go higher until all symptoms have fully resolved, which may take between 12 hours and three days. For headache relief, over-the-counter pain relievers such as ibuprofen or acetaminophen are effective. Anti-nausea medication can also be used to manage stomach upset and vomiting, helping to prevent dehydration.
Hydration remains important, and continuing to drink water and electrolyte-containing fluids is advised. Supplemental oxygen, available through oxygen bars or portable tanks, can provide temporary relief from mild symptoms. Using supplemental oxygen can quickly alleviate breathlessness and headache, but it is not a substitute for proper acclimatization.
If symptoms persist or worsen despite rest and medication, the only treatment is descent to a lower elevation. Even a relatively small drop of 1,000 to 1,500 feet can often resolve mild symptoms. Listening to the body and prioritizing rest over strenuous activity is the best way to manage mild AMS and allow for a full recovery.
Recognizing Severe Reactions and Emergency Action
Severe altitude illness involves two life-threatening conditions: High Altitude Cerebral Edema (HACE) and High Altitude Pulmonary Edema (HAPE). HACE involves swelling of the brain, leading to severe symptoms like confusion, a severe headache that does not respond to medication, and ataxia (the inability to walk a straight line or maintain coordination).
HAPE is a buildup of fluid in the lungs, and its signs include severe shortness of breath at rest, a persistent, rattling cough, chest tightness, and the possible production of pink, frothy sputum. Both HACE and HAPE are medical emergencies that can progress rapidly and become fatal within 24 hours.
Immediate descent is the most important action for severe altitude illness, as it is the only way to reverse the condition. A rapid descent of at least 3,000 feet is necessary to significantly increase the available oxygen and stabilize the patient.
If a person displays severe symptoms, especially confusion or difficulty walking, emergency services should be contacted immediately by calling 911. While awaiting transport, giving supplemental oxygen and administering prescription medications like dexamethasone, if available, can help stabilize the person, but it does not replace the requirement for descent and professional medical care.