“Sun poisoning” is the common term for a reaction far more severe than a typical sunburn, often requiring medical attention. This is not actual poisoning, but a lay term for an intense, systemic burn, sometimes classified as a second-degree burn, caused by overexposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. It can also refer to a photoallergic reaction, such as Polymorphous Light Eruption (PMLE), which is an immune response to sunlight. Recognizing the signs and taking prompt action is important for relief and preventing complications.
Recognizing the Signs of Severe Sun Exposure
A severe reaction often comes with symptoms that extend beyond the skin’s surface. These indicators suggest that the UV damage is affecting the body’s internal systems. The burn is often characterized by bright red skin and widespread blistering, indicating damage deeper than the skin’s outermost layer.
Systemic symptoms can develop within a few hours of exposure, including fever and chills, which signal the body’s inflammatory response. Many people also experience headache, nausea, and dizziness, often linked to fluid loss. Signs of dehydration, coupled with rapid heartbeat and confusion, are particularly concerning and differentiate severe sun exposure from a minor burn. If the reaction is a Polymorphous Light Eruption, a rash of small bumps or itchy patches may appear on sun-exposed areas.
Immediate Home Care and Relief Measures
Immediate treatment focuses on reducing inflammation, cooling the skin, and reversing dehydration. First, get out of the sun and begin cooling the affected areas with a cool bath or shower. Alternatively, apply clean towels dampened with cool tap water for about ten minutes several times a day. Adding baking soda to the bath water can also provide a soothing effect.
To manage pain and inflammation, taking an over-the-counter Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug (NSAID), such as ibuprofen, is highly recommended. These medications help block the inflammatory cascade, reducing swelling and pain. Hydration is also a major concern, as the body loses fluids through the damaged skin, so drinking extra water and electrolyte-containing beverages is important to prevent severe dehydration.
Topical relief is achieved using products that soothe and moisturize without irritating damaged skin. Applying a generous layer of pure aloe vera gel or a moisturizing cream helps lock in moisture and calm the burning sensation. For intense inflammation or itching, a nonprescription 1% hydrocortisone cream can be applied a few times daily for a short period. Avoid products that contain alcohol or petroleum jelly, as these can dry out the skin or trap heat, worsening the discomfort. Blisters should be left intact to prevent infection, as they provide a natural protective layer.
When to Seek Professional Medical Attention
While home care manages moderate reactions, certain severe symptoms indicate the need for professional medical intervention. Seek medical care immediately if you develop a high fever, generally over 103°F (39.4°C), especially if accompanied by vomiting or confusion. These are signs of a severe systemic illness or potential heatstroke.
Medical attention is necessary if you experience signs of severe dehydration, such as intense dizziness, fainting, or an inability to keep fluids down. Widespread blistering, particularly on the face, hands, or genitals, requires a doctor’s assessment. Signs of infection, including increased pain, swelling, oozing, or red streaks extending from the burn site, also warrant evaluation. Treatment may involve intravenous (IV) fluids to correct dehydration and electrolyte imbalances, or prescription medications like oral steroids to suppress the inflammatory response.
Preventing Future Severe Sun Reactions
Preventing severe sun reactions requires a comprehensive approach that goes beyond simply applying sunscreen. Broad-spectrum sunscreen (protecting against UVA and UVB rays) with an SPF of 30 or higher should be applied generously to all exposed skin at least 15 minutes before going outside. Reapplication must occur every two hours, or immediately after swimming or excessive sweating, because the product degrades and washes off. Using a thick, even layer is important for optimal protection.
Physical protection offers a reliable barrier against UV radiation and should be used in conjunction with sunscreen. This includes wearing wide-brimmed hats, sunglasses, and clothing labeled with an Ultraviolet Protection Factor (UPF). Limiting outdoor activities during the peak hours of 10 a.m. to 4 p.m., when the sun’s UV radiation is strongest, is an effective strategy for minimizing exposure.
Be aware of photosensitizing medications, which significantly increase the skin’s vulnerability to UV damage, potentially leading to severe sunburns or phototoxic reactions. Common culprits include certain antibiotics (like tetracyclines), some NSAIDs (such as ibuprofen and naproxen), and diuretics. If taking these medications, discuss sun protection strategies with your pharmacist or doctor, as even brief exposure can cause a severe reaction.