Propolis is a resinous substance collected by honeybees from the buds and bark of various trees. Bees combine these resins with beeswax and their secretions to create a sticky material. This “bee glue” seals cracks, reinforces the hive’s structure, and protects the colony from external threats and microorganisms. While propolis has been utilized by humans for centuries, some individuals can develop an allergic reaction to its components.
Signs of a Propolis Allergy
A propolis allergy can manifest in various ways, from localized skin irritation to severe symptoms. Skin reactions are common, often appearing as contact dermatitis or urticaria (hives). Affected areas may exhibit itching, burning sensations, and pain.
Localized rashes can include hand dermatitis, eczematous rashes around the mouth (perioral eczema), and inflammation with scaling and crusting of the lips, known as cheilitis. Swelling of the lips and tongue may also occur. If propolis is ingested, symptoms like mouth ulcers and inflammation of the mouth lining (stomatitis) can develop.
Respiratory symptoms may arise, such as throat complaints, difficulty speaking, or difficulty swallowing. Systemic reactions, including shortness of breath, indicate a more serious allergic response. A severe, life-threatening allergic reaction known as anaphylaxis is possible in highly sensitive individuals.
Common and Hidden Sources of Propolis
Identifying and avoiding propolis is a primary step for individuals with an allergy, though this can be challenging due to its presence in various products. Propolis is intentionally included in many natural health products. These include oral supplements like capsules, liquid extracts, and lozenges. Cough syrups and topical ointments or creams also commonly contain propolis.
Personal care items frequently incorporate propolis. Toothpastes and mouthwashes often list it as an ingredient, as do a wide array of skincare products. These can range from facial creams, emollients, and shampoos to specific cosmetic items like lip balms, lipsticks, concealers, and lip liners. Hair removal waxes may also contain propolis.
Beyond obvious sources, propolis can be found in less expected places or through cross-contamination. Some honey products might contain propolis if it’s not completely removed during processing. Bee pollen supplements are another potential source where propolis might be present. Traditional remedies or alternative medicines may also inadvertently include propolis.
Propolis can also serve as a food additive, listed as E901, used for coating and glazing candies, chewing gum, and fresh fruits. Emerging applications include its use as a natural preservative in various food items like meat, dairy, fruits, and vegetables to extend shelf life. Occupational exposure can occur for beekeepers, violin makers (due to propolis in varnishes), shoemakers (beeswax contamination), and timber cutters. Checking product labels meticulously for “propolis” or related terms like “bee glue” is important for avoidance.
Responding to Accidental Propolis Exposure
If accidental propolis exposure occurs, the response depends on symptom severity. For mild skin reactions, such as localized itching or a rash, gently washing the affected area with soap and water can help remove any residual propolis. Over-the-counter antihistamines may alleviate itching and topical steroid creams can help reduce inflammation and redness. Monitor the reaction closely for any worsening of symptoms.
For more severe reactions, particularly those affecting breathing or causing widespread swelling, immediate medical attention is necessary. If an individual has a known severe allergy and carries an epinephrine auto-injector, it should be administered without delay. Following administration, emergency medical services should be called immediately, even if symptoms appear to improve. Individuals experiencing difficulty swallowing, speaking, or any signs of systemic involvement require prompt professional medical evaluation.
Seeking Professional Medical Advice
Consulting a healthcare professional is important for anyone suspecting a propolis allergy, as proper diagnosis and management are key to preventing future reactions. A dermatologist or allergist can perform diagnostic tests, such as patch testing, to confirm sensitivity to propolis. This procedure involves applying a small amount of propolis to the skin for a period to observe for a reaction.
A confirmed diagnosis allows for tailored advice on avoiding propolis and managing potential exposures. Individuals with a propolis allergy may also show reactions to related substances like Balsam of Peru, colophonium, or certain fragrance mixtures due to shared chemical components. Medical professionals can help develop an allergy action plan, especially for those at risk of more severe reactions. They can also discuss alternative products or treatments that do not contain propolis, ensuring safety and well-being.