Hummingbirds are captivating creatures, recognized for their vivid colors and incredibly fast wingbeats. Their appearance marks a seasonal shift many eagerly anticipate. These tiny birds bring life and movement to gardens and natural spaces. Their presence is tied closely to changing seasons and available resources.
Spring Arrival: Welcoming Hummingbirds
Hummingbirds typically begin their northward migration in early spring, signaling warmer weather. Along the Gulf Coast, Ruby-throated Hummingbirds often arrive late February to mid-March. As spring progresses, these birds spread across the United States, reaching northern states and Canadian provinces by April or May. In western regions, species like Broad-tailed, Black-chinned, and Rufous hummingbirds appear in early March near the Mexican border, moving northward as flowers bloom.
The return of hummingbirds is prompted by increasing daylight hours and rising temperatures. Males typically arrive about a week earlier than females to establish territories for the breeding season. This early arrival ensures prime feeding spots and attracts mates. Their arrival is a welcome sign, as they begin to explore nectar sources in gardens and natural habitats.
Summer Stay and Autumn Departure
During summer, hummingbirds are highly active, focusing on nesting and raising their young. In North America, nesting occurs from late spring to early summer, generally between March and July. Females construct tiny, cup-shaped nests, often camouflaged with moss and lichen, and lay one to three small eggs. Incubation typically lasts 14 to 19 days, with the mother diligently sitting on the nest.
Once hatched, nestlings remain in the nest for 18 to 22 days, fed nectar and small insects by the female. As summer transitions into autumn, by late July or early August, male hummingbirds begin their southward journey. Females and young birds follow later, with peak departure for most Ruby-throated hummingbirds occurring in August and September. Before their long journey, hummingbirds increase feeding, gaining significant body weight (25-40%) to build fat reserves.
Understanding Hummingbird Migration
Hummingbirds undertake impressive migrations to access abundant food sources and escape colder weather. Most North American species winter in Mexico or Central America, where food is plentiful year-round. The change in daylight duration cues hummingbirds to begin their migratory journeys.
Migration patterns vary by species. For instance, the Ruby-throated Hummingbird travels from Central America across the Gulf of Mexico to its breeding grounds, a non-stop flight spanning approximately 500 miles. Rufous Hummingbirds, known for one of the longest migrations relative to their size, travel up the Pacific Coast to Alaska and return south through the Rocky Mountains. While most species migrate, some, like the Anna’s Hummingbird on the Pacific Coast, may remain in their habitats year-round. Weather conditions, food availability, and the age and gender of the birds influence the precise timing of their migration.