Moles are subterranean mammals, spending most of their lives underground. They are highly adapted, with specialized bodies for digging and navigating complex underground networks. Understanding moles involves observing the signs they leave behind, as direct sightings are uncommon.
Understanding Mole Activity Patterns
Moles do not follow a strict diurnal or nocturnal activity schedule. Instead, they exhibit a polyphasic pattern, active in cycles throughout a 24-hour period. These cycles involve alternating periods of intense activity, such as digging and foraging, followed by rest. Research indicates that moles may have multiple bouts daily, with some studies noting approximately 6.5 periods, each lasting around 54 minutes. Other observations suggest they can be active in bursts of four-hour intervals, alternating with rest. Some sources indicate peak activity during early morning and late evening, a pattern known as crepuscular behavior.
Drivers of Mole Activity
Food and Metabolism
The continuous activity of moles is primarily driven by their constant need for food. Moles are insectivores, relying heavily on earthworms, grubs, and other invertebrates found in the soil. They possess a high metabolic rate, requiring them to consume a significant amount of food daily, often between 70% and 100% of their body weight.
Environmental Factors and Reproduction
Environmental conditions, particularly soil moisture and temperature, also influence their activity levels and the availability of their prey. Moles prefer loose, moist soil, which facilitates easier digging and provides a richer food source. During periods of extreme heat or cold, moles may burrow deeper to find more favorable conditions. Reproductive cycles also play a role, with increased activity observed during the breeding season, typically in late winter or spring.
Identifying Mole Presence and Activity
Surface Signs
Although moles are rarely seen above ground, their presence is readily identifiable by distinct signs they leave on the surface. The most common indicators are molehills and surface runways. Molehills are conical mounds of loose soil, typically ranging from 6 to 24 inches in diameter and 2 to 8 inches in height. These mounds are formed as moles excavate and push soil to the surface from deeper, permanent tunnels or when repairing existing burrows.
Runways and Confirmation
Surface runways appear as raised ridges in the ground, usually about 3 inches wide. These ridges indicate shallow tunnels just beneath the surface, which moles often create while actively foraging for food. Observing these visible signs confirms ongoing mole activity in an area.