The tufted deer (Elaphodus cephalophus) is a distinctive deer species found primarily in the mountainous forested regions of central China and northeastern Myanmar. This small deer is recognizable by a distinctive tuft of dark hair on its forehead, which gives the species its common name. Its coat is typically a dark chocolate brown, providing effective camouflage within its dense habitat. The tufted deer can reach a shoulder height of 50 to 70 centimeters and weigh between 17 and 50 kilograms, making it slightly larger than many muntjac species.
The Remarkable Canine Teeth
One of the most striking features of the tufted deer, particularly in males, is the presence of elongated, fang-like canine teeth that protrude visibly from their upper jaw. These upper canines can grow up to 2.5 to 2.6 centimeters long. Unlike most deer species that rely on prominent antlers for display and combat, the tufted deer’s antlers are typically very short and simple spikes, often hidden by the prominent hair tuft on their forehead. This dental adaptation deviates from typical deer dentition, which usually lacks upper incisors and instead possesses a hardened dental pad for grazing.
Function of the Fangs
The elongated canine teeth of male tufted deer play a key role in their social and reproductive behaviors. During the breeding season, from September to December, males utilize these fangs in aggressive encounters with rival males. These “tusks” are their primary weapons for sparring over territory and access to receptive females. While their small antlers may also be used in these contests, the fangs are the more effective tool for establishing dominance. Sharper canines contribute to greater reproductive success for male tufted deer.
Habitat and Behavior
Tufted deer inhabit high, damp forests at elevations from 500 to 4,500 meters above sea level, often near the tree line. They prefer environments with dense undergrowth and readily available freshwater sources, which provide both cover and sustenance. They lead solitary lives, though they sometimes form temporary pair bonds. They are crepuscular, meaning they are most active during dawn and dusk, a behavior that helps them avoid predators and remain concealed within their dense forest habitats.
When alarmed, tufted deer emit a distinctive bark-like call before fleeing in an erratic pattern, often holding their white tail high to confuse predators. Their herbivorous diet consists mainly of leaves, twigs, fruits, and grasses.