Hedgehogs are not native to any state in the United States. Their growing popularity as companion animals often leads to questions about their presence. While not found naturally in North American ecosystems, they are present in many households across the country.
Where Hedgehogs Live Naturally
Hedgehogs are spiny mammals, with 17 species across five genera, indigenous to Europe, Asia, and Africa. European hedgehogs are found from Iberia and Italy northward into Scandinavia and across the British Isles, in woodlands, grasslands, and suburban gardens. In Asia, long-eared hedgehog breeds are common in central Asia, parts of the Middle East, China, Russia, Ukraine, and Turkey, inhabiting grassy regions near forests or water sources. African hedgehogs reside in dry, warm climates across eastern and central Africa, preferring grasslands, woodlands, and rocky terrains. No living hedgehog species are native to the Americas or Australia.
Hedgehogs as Companion Animals
The African Pygmy Hedgehog ( Atelerix albiventris ) is the most common species kept as a companion animal in the United States. These small creatures measure between 6 to 8 inches in length, making them suitable for smaller households. Their unique appearance, including their spiny exterior, contributes to their appeal as pets. African Pygmy Hedgehogs became popular in the U.S. pet trade during the 1980s. They are quiet and primarily nocturnal, active mostly at night.
Legal Status of Pet Hedgehogs
The legal status of owning pet hedgehogs varies significantly across different U.S. states and even within individual cities or counties. Several states have outright bans on hedgehog ownership. For example, hedgehogs are illegal in California, Georgia, Hawaii, and Pennsylvania. New York City’s five boroughs also prohibit them, even though they are legal in the rest of New York State.
These restrictions are often implemented due to concerns about potential ecological impacts if hedgehogs escape into the wild, where they could become an invasive species and compete with native wildlife. Bans also stem from public health risks, as hedgehogs can carry bacteria like Salmonella. Some jurisdictions classify them as exotic or wild animals, leading to stricter regulations.
In states where ownership is permitted, some may require specific permits or licenses. For example, a permit is required in Arizona, Maine, New Jersey, and Wyoming. Wisconsin requires an import permit to bring a hedgehog into the state. Laws can change, and local ordinances may impose further restrictions even if state law allows ownership. Prospective owners should always verify current regulations with their local animal control or government agencies before acquiring a hedgehog.