Skin cancer is a significant public health concern in the United States, representing the most frequently diagnosed cancer globally. Each year, millions of Americans receive a skin cancer diagnosis, with estimates suggesting that one in five individuals will develop some form of the disease by age 70. Understanding its patterns and influencing factors across different regions is important. Many cases are preventable, highlighting the need for continued awareness and preventive measures.
States with Higher Skin Cancer Rates
The incidence of skin cancer, particularly melanoma, varies considerably across the United States. While one might expect states with abundant sunshine to lead, the reality is more nuanced. Data from 2017 to 2021 indicates that Utah consistently reported some of the highest melanoma rates, with approximately 41.4 to 44.3 cases per 100,000 people. Other states with elevated rates include Vermont, Iowa, Washington, Minnesota, Arizona, and Nebraska.
Several states along the East and West Coasts also show high rates of UV-attributable melanoma. These include Delaware, Georgia, California, Maryland, North Carolina, Florida, Oregon, South Carolina, New Jersey, and New Hampshire. Notably, Hawaii exhibits a particularly high UV-attributable melanoma rate, at 65.1 cases per 100,000 non-Hispanic whites. Interestingly, some landlocked states such as Utah, Vermont, Minnesota, Idaho, Kentucky, and Colorado also rank high, suggesting that constant sun exposure is not the only factor at play.
Factors Contributing to Regional Differences
Several factors contribute to the varied skin cancer rates observed across different states. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation exposure is a primary driver, as approximately 90% of non-melanoma skin cancers and a significant majority of melanomas (86-91%) are directly linked to UV light from the sun or tanning beds. Geographic location plays a role, with states closer to the equator and those at higher altitudes, like Utah and Colorado, experiencing more intense UV radiation. UV rays can also penetrate clouds and are present year-round, meaning exposure accumulates over time.
Demographic characteristics also influence rates. Melanoma is significantly more prevalent among individuals with fair skin, light hair, and light eyes, being about 20 times more common in Caucasians than in African Americans. States with a higher proportion of fair-skinned residents, such as Utah and Vermont, therefore tend to have increased susceptibility to UV damage and higher skin cancer rates.
Lifestyle and occupational factors further contribute to regional disparities. States where outdoor activities like hiking, skiing, or water sports are popular can see higher rates due to increased sun exposure without adequate protection. Individuals in outdoor professions, such as construction or farming, also face a heightened risk from prolonged, cumulative UV exposure. Research indicates that rural residents may spend more time outdoors and employ fewer sun protection strategies than urban dwellers, increasing their risk.
Public awareness and screening practices can affect diagnosis rates. Differences in how people perceive UV risks and adopt sun-safe behaviors, including the use of indoor tanning, contribute to varying exposures. Although screening rates for skin cancer have generally increased, the benefits are not always reaching those at highest risk, and a significant portion of the population remains unaware of their health insurance coverage for skin screenings. Early detection through awareness and screening, however, remains important for improving survival outcomes.