The Great Horned Owl, a widespread nocturnal raptor, thrives in diverse environments, from forests to suburban areas. While often unseen due to its nighttime habits, its distinctive vocalizations are an iconic sound of the night, indicating its presence. These sounds convey specific messages, deeply connected to the owl’s behavior and life cycle.
The Great Horned Owl’s Iconic Hoot
The Great Horned Owl’s primary vocalization is its deep, resonant hoot. This call typically follows a stuttering rhythm, often described as “hoo-h’HOO-hoo-hoo” or “hoo-hoo hooooo hoo-hoo.” A common pattern involves a longer initial hoot followed by three or four shorter ones. These low-pitched sounds (300-400 Hz) allow for effective transmission across varied habitats.
Male and female Great Horned Owls exhibit distinct differences in their hooting pitch. The male’s hoots are noticeably lower, while the female’s vocalizations are higher. This difference occurs even though females are typically larger; the male possesses a larger voice box, or syrinx, which contributes to his deeper tone. When hooting, males commonly produce 4 to 5 notes per hoot, whereas females generally vocalize with 6 to 9 notes.
Other Vocalizations and Their Meanings
Beyond the characteristic hoot, Great Horned Owls employ a range of other sounds, each with specific behavioral contexts. These include barks, screeches, hisses, coos, and wavering cries. They also produce growls, chitters, and squawks.
Young owls often scream or shriek when begging for food. Adults may also emit piercing shrieks defensively, particularly to protect their nest or young. Barks typically warn of perceived threats. Hisses and bill snapping are non-vocal ‘get away’ warnings, especially when disturbed near their young or in stressful situations. Chittering can signify a ‘quiet conversation’ or extreme annoyance.
When and Why Owls Vocalize
Great Horned Owls vocalize primarily for communication within their species. Hooting serves for territorial marking and defense, announcing an owl’s presence and warning off intruders.
Vocalizations are also integral to mate attraction, especially during the breeding season. Males frequently use hoots to attract females. Once paired, duets reinforce their bond and maintain contact. Owls may also use calls to signal the presence of predators or coordinate activities.
Great Horned Owls are most active vocally during twilight hours and throughout the night. While they can be heard year-round, their vocalizations become considerably more frequent during the winter months, particularly in January and February. This increased activity coincides with the period when they are establishing territories and seeking mates for the upcoming nesting season.