The coral snake is a highly venomous reptile, and its distinctive coloration often leads to confusion with several non-venomous species. Accurately identifying this snake is important for public safety. The visual similarities between the coral snake and its mimics can make distinguishing them challenging. This article will help clarify the differences to aid in proper identification.
Understanding the Coral Snake
The true coral snake has a slender body, typically reaching lengths of 2 to 3 feet. Its smooth, shiny scales display a characteristic banding pattern of red, yellow, and black rings that completely encircle its body. The red and black bands are generally similar in width, separated by narrower yellow bands. The coral snake’s head is blunt and rounded, often appearing black with a wide yellow band directly behind the eyes. Its venom is neurotoxic, affecting the nervous system.
Common Look-Alikes
Many non-venomous snakes have evolved color patterns that resemble the venomous coral snake, a phenomenon known as Batesian mimicry. This adaptation provides protection by deterring potential predators that associate bright colors with danger. Several common non-venomous snakes are frequently mistaken for coral snakes due to these similar vibrant patterns. These include the Scarlet Kingsnake (Lampropeltis elapsoides), the Scarlet Snake (Cemophora coccinea), and various subspecies of the Milk Snake (Lampropeltis triangulum). While these mimics share a tri-color scheme of red, black, and yellow, they exhibit distinct differences in the arrangement of these colors and other physical features.
Key Identification Clues
Distinguishing a coral snake from its non-venomous mimics primarily involves observing the order of its colored bands. A helpful mnemonic often used for North American species is “Red on Yellow, Kill a Fellow; Red on Black, Venom Lack.” This rhyme indicates that if a snake has red bands touching yellow bands, it is likely a venomous coral snake. Conversely, if the red bands are touching black bands, the snake is typically a non-venomous mimic. Another distinguishing feature is the color of the snake’s snout or head. A coral snake typically has a black snout followed by a yellow or white band. Many of its non-venomous look-alikes, such as the Scarlet Kingsnake and Scarlet Snake, often have a red snout. Additionally, the tail of a coral snake is banded only in black and yellow, lacking red bands.
Geographic Distribution and Habitat
True coral snakes have specific geographic ranges, which can assist in identification. The Eastern Coral Snake (Micrurus fulvius) is primarily found in the southeastern United States, extending from southeastern North Carolina south through Florida and westward into eastern Louisiana. The Arizona Coral Snake (Micruroides euryxanthus) inhabits central and southern Arizona and extreme southwestern New Mexico, extending into Mexico. Other species of coral snakes are also found in Central and South America. These snakes prefer well-drained, sandy soils and are often found in forested areas, sandhills, and pine flatwoods. They are secretive creatures, spending much of their time burrowing underground or hiding in leaf litter and under rotten logs.
Safety When Encountering Snakes
When encountering any snake, prioritize safety by observing it from a safe distance and never attempting to handle, provoke, or capture it, regardless of whether it is venomous. Assume any unfamiliar snake could be venomous to avoid potential harm. If a snake is found in a populated area and needs to be removed, contact local animal control, a professional snake handler, or wildlife authorities. Do not attempt to move the snake yourself, even if it appears docile or dead, as snakes can still exhibit reflex actions. Remaining calm and giving the snake space allows it to move away naturally.