Arizona, with its vast deserts, mountains, and diverse ecosystems, is home to a remarkable array of snake species. The state’s unique environments support a wide range of snakes, from the highly venomous to those that are completely harmless.
Venomous Snakes of Arizona
Arizona is home to numerous rattlesnake species, all venomous, possessing a segmented rattle, and having hollow fangs. The Western Diamondback Rattlesnake, a common species, is identifiable by its diamond-shaped patterns and a tail with alternating white and black stripes. They typically measure 3.5 to 4 feet and are often found in grasslands, deserts, and rocky areas. Mojave Rattlesnakes are also prevalent, distinguished by narrower tail bands than the Western Diamondback.
Sidewinders are smaller rattlesnakes, generally under 2 feet long, known for their unique sideways movement and horn-like structures above their eyes. The Arizona Black Rattlesnake, found at higher elevations, is identifiable by its dark coloration, which can range from dark brown to black in adults. Other species include the Tiger Rattlesnake and Southwestern Speckled Rattlesnake. While rattlesnakes often rattle as a warning, they do not always do so before striking.
The Arizona Coral Snake is another venomous species, recognized by its distinct banding pattern of red, yellow, and black. This snake is relatively small, typically under 2 feet, and found in rocky areas or dense vegetation. Unlike rattlesnakes, the Arizona Coral Snake has small, fixed fangs and delivers venom by a chewing motion. They are reclusive and primarily nocturnal.
Non-Venomous Snakes of Arizona
Arizona’s non-venomous snake population includes several species often encountered. The Gopher Snake, one of Arizona’s longest snakes, can reach over 6 feet and is often seen in urban and suburban areas. They mimic rattlesnakes by hissing loudly, flattening their heads, and vibrating their tails when threatened, but lack a rattle and have round pupils.
King Snakes, such as the California Kingsnake and Sonoran Mountain Kingsnake, prey on other snakes, including rattlesnakes, and are often immune to their venom. The California Kingsnake typically has black or dark brown bodies with whitish or yellow bands. The Sonoran Mountain Kingsnake exhibits red, black, and yellow bands with black bordering the red. These constrictors are generally docile.
Coachwhips are long, slender, fast-moving snakes that can grow up to 6 feet, with variable coloration. They are active during the day and hunt a variety of prey, including lizards, birds, and other snakes. Garter Snakes, typically small and slender with stripes, are often found near water sources. Species like the Black-necked Garter Snake and Checkered Garter Snake are non-aggressive, feeding on aquatic and semi-aquatic prey.
Snake Habitats and Behavior
Snakes in Arizona inhabit a wide range of environments. Many species thrive in arid desertscrub, grasslands, and rocky areas, finding ample food and shelter. Riparian zones, areas along rivers and streams, also support various snake populations, particularly garter snakes. Some species, like the Arizona Black Rattlesnake, prefer higher elevations and mountainous woodlands.
Urban and suburban settings can also serve as habitats for snakes, such as Gopher Snakes. These snakes are often drawn to residential areas due to available prey and hiding spots. Snakes are generally most active during warmer months, typically from April through October. During the hottest parts of summer, many become crepuscular or nocturnal, seeking cooler temperatures.
Snakes play an important role in the ecosystem as predators, helping to control populations of rodents, insects, and other small animals. When threatened, many snakes will try to escape, but if cornered, they may exhibit defensive behaviors like hissing, coiling, or vibrating their tails as a warning.
Living Safely with Arizona’s Snakes
Coexisting safely with Arizona’s snake population involves understanding their behaviors and taking preventative measures. To minimize encounters, it is advisable to maintain yards by trimming shrubs and bushes, removing debris, and sealing any potential entry points into homes and sheds. Eliminating standing water and controlling rodent populations can also make an area less attractive to snakes.
When outdoors, particularly in natural areas, wearing appropriate footwear like hiking boots and long pants can offer protection. It is also important to stay on marked trails and avoid placing hands or feet into obscured areas like rock crevices or dense brush. If a snake is encountered, maintaining a safe distance, typically at least 10 feet, and allowing the snake to move away is recommended. Never attempt to handle, provoke, or kill a snake, as most bites occur when individuals try to interact with them.
In the unfortunate event of a snakebite, seeking immediate medical attention is crucial. Remain calm and move as little as possible to slow the spread of venom. Remove any tight clothing or jewelry from the bitten limb before swelling begins. Do not attempt to apply a tourniquet, cut the bite, or try to suck out the venom, as these actions can cause more harm. Do not try to capture or kill the snake for identification, as medical professionals can treat the bite without knowing the specific species.