West Virginia is home to a variety of snake species, playing a role in the state’s diverse ecosystems. These reptiles contribute to natural pest control by managing rodent and insect populations. Understanding the types of snakes, their behaviors, and safe interaction is important for coexistence.
Non-Venomous Snakes of West Virginia
West Virginia hosts approximately 18 species of non-venomous snakes, many of which are commonly encountered. The Eastern Garter Snake (Thamnophis sirtalis sirtalis) is widely distributed, found in meadows, marshes, and suburban areas. These snakes typically measure between 1 and 2 feet, though some can reach up to 4 feet, and display varied coloration from green, brown, or gray, often with a distinct yellow or whitish stripe running down their back. They consume a diet of worms, slugs, amphibians, and fish, and are known to release a foul-smelling musk if threatened.
The Eastern Ratsnake (Pantherophis alleghaniensis) is among the largest non-venomous snakes in the state, reaching over 6 feet. These constrictors are excellent climbers and swimmers, found in forests, agricultural fields, and around human dwellings where they prey on rodents and birds. Eastern Kingsnakes (Lampropeltis getula) are recognized by their predominantly black, smooth scales with small yellow or cream speckling and thin crossbars, typically growing to 3 to 4 feet. They are known for their ability to prey on other snakes, including venomous ones, due to their resistance to certain venoms.
Northern Water Snakes (Nerodia sipedon) are found near ponds, lakes, and streams. These snakes, typically 2 to 4.5 feet long, have bodies that can be reddish, brownish, or gray with dark crossbands or blotches, and may flatten their bodies and bite if agitated. They primarily feed on fish and amphibians. The Ringneck Snake is easily identified by a yellow ring around its neck and its small size, usually under 12 inches. These secretive snakes often inhabit moist woodlands, feeding on invertebrates like slugs and earthworms, and are sometimes found in basements.
Venomous Snakes of West Virginia
West Virginia is home to only two native venomous snake species: the Northern Copperhead and the Timber Rattlesnake. The Northern Copperhead (Agkistrodon contortrix) is common throughout the state, particularly in rocky, wooded areas. Adults typically range from 20 to 37 inches in length, characterized by a copper-colored head and a distinctive hourglass or saddlebag pattern of darker bands across their reddish-brown bodies, which are narrowest along the back. They are ambush predators and possess heat-sensing pits between their eyes and nostrils. Copperhead venom is hemotoxic, affecting blood and tissues, though fatalities from copperhead bites are rare in West Virginia.
The Timber Rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus) is the state reptile of West Virginia and is found primarily in mountainous forests and rocky terrains. These heavy-bodied snakes are the largest venomous species in the state, generally measuring 3 to 5 feet, with some reaching up to 7 feet. Their coloration varies, from yellowish-brown to gray or black, with dark brown or black chevron-shaped crossbands along their backs. The most distinguishing feature is the rattle on their tail, which they shake as a warning when threatened. Timber Rattlesnakes are also pit vipers, and their venom is hemotoxic. While their bite is a medical emergency, they are generally not aggressive and prefer to hide or remain still when encountered.
Identifying West Virginia Snakes
Distinguishing between venomous and non-venomous snakes in West Virginia involves observing several physical characteristics. Venomous pit vipers, such as the Northern Copperhead and Timber Rattlesnake, typically have broad, triangular or arrowhead-shaped heads that are distinctly wider than their necks. In contrast, most non-venomous snakes in the state have more rounded or slender heads that are not as pronounced from their bodies.
The shape of the pupils can also be a reliable indicator. West Virginia’s venomous snakes possess vertical, elliptical pupils, similar to a cat’s eye, particularly visible in dim light. Non-venomous snakes generally have round pupils. Another feature of pit vipers is the presence of a loreal pit, a deep, heat-sensing organ located on each side of the head between the eye and nostril. This pit is absent in non-venomous snakes. While these are general guidelines, some non-venomous snakes may mimic these traits or flatten their heads when threatened. Specific patterns, like the hourglass shape on copperheads or chevron bands on rattlesnakes, are identifying marks.
Safe Encounters with Snakes
Maintaining a safe distance is the primary rule when encountering a snake. If a snake is observed, leave it undisturbed and observe it from a distance, allowing it to move away. Never attempt to handle, harm, or provoke a snake, as most bites occur when people try to interact with them. Snakes generally prefer to avoid human contact and will retreat if given the opportunity.
To minimize snake encounters around homes, manage outdoor areas by keeping lawns well-manicured and removing potential hiding spots such as brush piles, debris, and logs. Sealing cracks and holes in foundations and around pipes can prevent snakes from entering structures, as they can fit through very small openings. Controlling rodent populations around the property can also reduce attractants for snakes, as rodents are a primary food source for many species.
In the event of a snakebite, seek immediate medical attention. Call 911 or your local emergency number without delay. While waiting for professional medical help, remain calm and still, as movement can increase venom absorption. Remove any jewelry or constrictive clothing from the affected limb before swelling begins.
Clean the bite area with soap and water, and cover it loosely with a clean, dry bandage. Do not apply ice, cut the bite, attempt to suck out venom, or apply a tourniquet, as these actions can worsen the outcome. Knowing the snake’s appearance can assist medical personnel, but do not risk further bites by attempting to capture it.