Ohio’s diverse landscapes provide habitats for a variety of snake species. Understanding their characteristics and behaviors helps in appreciating their place in nature.
Distinguishing Venomous from Non-Venomous Snakes
Distinguishing venomous from non-venomous snakes can be challenging. Venomous snakes in Ohio, which are all pit vipers, typically have a triangular-shaped head distinct from their narrower neck. However, some non-venomous snakes can flatten their heads when threatened, mimicking this shape and leading to misidentification.
Pit vipers also have heat-sensing pits, small depressions that detect infrared radiation. Most venomous snakes in North America have vertical, elliptical pupils, while non-venomous snakes usually have round pupils. These are general guidelines; observe from a distance rather than relying on close inspection for identification.
Venomous Snakes Native to Ohio
Ohio is home to three native venomous snake species: the Eastern Massasauga, the Northern Copperhead, and the Timber Rattlesnake.
The Eastern Massasauga (Sistrurus catenatus)
The Eastern Massasauga (Sistrurus catenatus) is a smaller rattlesnake, typically about 3 feet long. Its coloration is typically gray or light brown with darker, lighter-edged blotches. These secretive snakes are most often found in swamps, wet prairies, and floodplain forests, and are considered increasingly rare.
The Northern Copperhead (Agkistrodon contortrix mokasen)
The Northern Copperhead (Agkistrodon contortrix mokasen) is typically 2 to 3 feet long with a stout body. Its distinctive pattern features pale tan to pinkish-orange with darker, hourglass-shaped bands. Copperheads are primarily found in the hills of southeastern Ohio, inhabiting deciduous forests and mixed woodlands, often near rocky outcroppings. They tend to remain motionless when encountered, relying on their camouflage.
The Timber Rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus)
The Timber Rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus) is Ohio’s largest venomous snake, typically 30 to 60 inches long. Coloration varies from yellowish-brown to gray or black, with dark crossbands. It has a characteristic rattle on its tail. Timber Rattlesnakes are very rare in Ohio and usually found only in the southeastern part of the state, preferring dry, wooded hill country.
Common Non-Venomous Snakes of Ohio
Ohio has a large population of non-venomous snakes, frequently encountered and posing no threat to humans. The Gray Ratsnake (Pantherophis spiloides), also known as the Black Ratsnake, is Ohio’s longest snake, reaching over 6 feet. Typically black in Ohio, they are excellent climbers, often found in trees, barns, and old buildings where they hunt rodents and birds. They are constrictors.
The Common Garter Snake (Thamnophis sirtalis)
The Common Garter Snake (Thamnophis sirtalis) is one of Ohio’s most widely distributed and frequently encountered snakes. They often have three longitudinal stripes (yellow, brown, green, or blue) on a black, brown, gray, or olive body. Active during the day, garter snakes are often found in grassy areas near freshwater, including suburban lawns and gardens.
The Northern Watersnake (Nerodia sipedon)
The Northern Watersnake (Nerodia sipedon) is abundant across Ohio and often mistaken for venomous species due to its stout body and dark markings. Typically brown, gray, or reddish with dark crossbands or blotches, they are found in and around permanent bodies of water. They prey on fish and frogs and may bite if threatened (their bite is not venomous).
The Dekay’s Brownsnake (Storeria dekayi)
The Dekay’s Brownsnake (Storeria dekayi) is a small, secretive snake, rarely exceeding a foot long. Coloration varies from yellowish-brown to dark brown or gray, often with a faint lighter stripe bordered by dark spots. These harmless snakes are commonly found hiding under rocks, logs, and debris in moist areas, including gardens and urban lots, where they feed on slugs and worms.
Safe Practices During Snake Encounters
Most snakes are not aggressive unless threatened. Observe snakes from a respectful distance, allowing them to move away naturally. Approaching, attempting to handle, or provoking a snake increases the likelihood of a defensive bite. If a snake is in an undesirable location, such as a garage or home, contact a professional for safe removal rather than attempting to handle it.
Maintain a tidy yard to minimize snake encounters. Clearing away brush piles, tall grasses, and debris removes potential hiding spots and reduces prey availability. In the unlikely event of a snake bite, remain calm and seek immediate medical attention. Professional evaluation is necessary, even if you suspect the snake was non-venomous.
Conservation and Ecological Role
Snakes in Ohio are a valuable part of the ecosystem. They help control populations of rodents, insects, and other small animals, preventing overpopulation and damage. Many snake species face declining populations due to habitat loss, road mortality, and human persecution. Appreciating their ecological contributions and promoting coexistence are important for the continued health of Ohio’s natural environments.