Michigan is home to nearly 20 different native snake species inhabiting the state’s diverse environments. The vast majority of these snakes are harmless to people and serve a beneficial function within their ecosystems, often controlling populations of rodents and insects. These species can be found in almost every habitat type, from dense forests and open grasslands to urban areas. Understanding the specific types of snakes present helps residents and visitors safely coexist with these creatures.
Identifying Michigan’s Sole Venomous Snake
The Eastern Massasauga Rattlesnake (Sistrurus catenatus) is the only venomous snake species found in Michigan. This small- to medium-sized pit viper typically reaches lengths between two and three feet. It is easily identified by the segmented rattle at the tip of its tail, which produces a distinct buzzing sound when the snake feels threatened.
Massasaugas possess a thick body and a distinctly triangular head, features common to pit vipers. Their coloration is usually gray or light brown with large, dark, saddle-shaped blotches running down the back. Another distinguishing characteristic is the vertical, cat-like pupil, unlike the round pupils of all non-venomous Michigan snakes.
The Massasauga primarily occupies wetland habitats, earning it the nickname “swamp rattler.” These areas include wet prairies, bogs, and cedar swamps, particularly in the Lower Peninsula. They are shy animals that prefer to avoid human contact, often remaining still to blend in. If you encounter one, maintain a safe distance and never attempt to handle or harass the snake.
Widespread Non-Venomous Species
Many non-venomous species are frequently encountered across Michigan, including the most common snake in the state, the Eastern Garter Snake (Thamnophis sirtalis). This species is recognizable by three light-colored stripes—often yellow, orange, or bluish—that run lengthwise down its body. Garter snakes are highly adaptable and are found in nearly every habitat, including lawns, gardens, and along the edges of water bodies.
The Eastern Milk Snake (Lampropeltis triangulum) is another widespread species, often mistaken for the venomous Massasauga due to its blotched pattern. Its pattern consists of reddish-brown or gray blotches bordered in black against a lighter background. Unlike the Massasauga, the milk snake has a slender body, a rounded head, and lacks a rattle. They are secretive, inhabiting fields, woodlands, and rocky areas, where they control rodent populations.
The Northern Water Snake (Nerodia sipedon) is frequently seen near lakes, rivers, and ponds throughout the state, often basking on logs or rocks. These snakes have a thick body and a dark pattern of crossbands on the neck and blotches further down the body, which sometimes causes them to be mistaken for a venomous species. Though non-venomous, they can be defensive if handled and will bite and excrete a musky odor.
A larger non-venomous resident is the Eastern Fox Snake (Pantherophis vulpinus), which can reach lengths of three to five feet. It has a yellowish or light brown body with dark brown or black blotches down its back. When threatened, the fox snake may vibrate its tail rapidly against dry leaves or grass, creating a sound that can mimic a rattlesnake. This behavior sometimes leads to unnecessary fear, but it is a harmless constrictor.
Rare and State-Protected Species
Several of Michigan’s native snakes are considered rare and are given special protection due to declining populations and habitat loss. The Copper-bellied Water Snake (Nerodia erythrogaster neglecta) is listed as an endangered species in Michigan. This snake is a subspecies of the Plain-bellied Water Snake and is easily distinguished by its solid, unpatterned dark body and a bright, unmarked orange or reddish-orange belly. It is restricted to the extreme southern part of the Lower Peninsula, primarily inhabiting permanent bodies of water such as swamps and oxbows.
The Kirtland’s Snake (Clonophis kirtlandii) is also listed as an endangered species in the state. This small, secretive snake has a grayish-brown to reddish body with four rows of alternating dark blotches. It is found in low, wet habitats, including prairie fens and wet meadows, and often relies on crayfish burrows for refuge and hibernation.
The Queen Snake (Regina septemvittata) is another species of concern that is highly dependent on specific aquatic habitats. It has a dark gray or brown body with distinct yellow stripes running along the lower sides. This snake is nearly always found near clean, flowing water with rocky bottoms because its diet consists almost exclusively of recently molted crayfish.
Safe Interaction and Legal Protections
Interacting safely with Michigan’s snake population involves respecting their space and leaving them undisturbed. Snakes do not seek out human confrontation and will generally move away if given the opportunity. If a snake is encountered, observe it from a distance, typically at least two feet away, and never attempt to handle or harass it.
If a bite from the Eastern Massasauga Rattlesnake occurs, which is extremely rare, the individual should seek immediate medical attention by calling emergency services. It is helpful to remain calm, keep the bitten area below the level of the heart, and clean the wound, but avoid applying ice, a tourniquet, or attempting to cut the wound. The best safety measure is prevention, which includes wearing closed-toed shoes when walking in overgrown or marshy areas.
Michigan law protects most native snake species, making it illegal to intentionally kill, harass, or possess them without proper permits. This prohibition is especially strict for endangered or threatened species. These reptiles are a protected and beneficial part of the state’s natural heritage, encouraging responsible behavior and conservation.