The venomous coral snake’s distinctive coloration is mimicked by several non-venomous species. Distinguishing between these look-alikes is important due to the potential danger posed by the actual coral snake.
Understanding the Coral Snake
The coral snake is a slender, cylindrical snake known for its striking pattern of red, yellow, and black bands that encircle its body completely. The red and black bands are typically wider, separated by narrower yellow bands. Its head is small, blunt, and black-tipped, followed by a yellow band. Coral snakes in North America are found primarily in the southeastern United States, extending from North Carolina through Florida and westward into parts of Texas and Louisiana.
These snakes belong to the Elapidae family, which also includes cobras, and possess a potent neurotoxic venom. This venom affects the nervous system, potentially causing paralysis and respiratory failure. Despite their dangerous venom, coral snakes are generally reclusive and not aggressive, often preferring to flee when threatened. Bites are uncommon and often occur when the snake is intentionally handled or provoked.
Common Coral Snake Mimics
Several non-venomous snakes have evolved color patterns similar to the coral snake, benefiting from this resemblance to deter predators. The most common mimics in North America include various species of milk snakes and king snakes.
For instance, the scarlet kingsnake and certain milk snake subspecies exhibit banding patterns that can be easily confused with the coral snake. Their visual similarity often leads to misidentification. Both the mimics and the coral snake often have smooth, shiny scales, further contributing to the potential for confusion.
Identifying Differences
The most reliable way to distinguish a venomous coral snake from its non-venomous mimics in North America is by observing the order of their colored bands. A well-known rhyme helps in this identification: “Red on yellow, kill a fellow; red on black, venom lack.” This means if red bands touch yellow bands, it is likely a venomous coral snake. Conversely, if red bands touch black bands, the snake is typically a non-venomous mimic like a milk snake or king snake.
Coral snakes also generally have a black snout, with a yellow band directly behind the eyes. In contrast, many mimics, such as the scarlet kingsnake and scarlet snake, often have a red snout. Another subtle difference can be seen in the tail: a coral snake’s tail typically has only black and yellow bands, lacking red. While these visual cues are helpful, it is important to remember that this rhyme applies specifically to coral snakes found in the United States, as color patterns can vary in other parts of the world.
If You Encounter a Suspected Coral Snake
Encountering a snake with red, yellow, and black bands warrants caution, even if you suspect it is a non-venomous mimic. The most important action is to maintain a safe distance and avoid any attempt to approach, handle, or harm the snake. Most snakes, including coral snakes, will try to flee rather than bite unless they feel directly threatened or cornered. Observing the snake from a distance allows it to move away on its own, minimizing any potential risk.
If the snake is in an area of high human activity and poses a perceived threat, contacting local animal control or wildlife authorities is advisable. These professionals possess the expertise and equipment to safely manage or relocate the animal. Never attempt to capture or kill a snake, as this significantly increases the risk of a bite. Prioritizing safety through observation and professional assistance is the most responsible approach.