The distinct, sharp, and sometimes sweet or fruity aroma often associated with nail polish remover is due to a chemical compound known as acetone. Acetone is a colorless, highly volatile, and flammable liquid, recognized as the simplest and smallest ketone. Many people encounter this particular smell in various everyday situations, which are often harmless. However, the presence of an acetone-like scent, particularly from the body, can sometimes signal underlying health conditions.
Everyday Sources
Acetone is a common solvent found in numerous household and industrial products. The most recognized source is nail polish remover, where it acts as a primary ingredient due to its dissolving properties. Beyond personal care items, this chemical is present in various lacquers, varnishes, and liquid or paste waxes, contributing to their quick-drying properties.
Many glues, including super glues, contain acetone or similar volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that evaporate quickly. Paint removers and thinners also utilize acetone for its dissolving capabilities. Some cleaning solutions, especially those for tough stains, may incorporate acetone. Certain plastics and upholstery fabrics can also emit an acetone-like odor from their chemical composition or manufacturing.
Medical Causes
An acetone-like smell can originate from the human body, specifically from the breath, when the body produces high levels of substances called ketones. This process, known as ketosis, occurs when the body shifts its primary energy source from glucose (sugar) to fat. When fat is broken down for energy, the liver produces ketones, which include acetone, acetoacetate, and beta-hydroxybutyrate.
One of the most concerning medical causes of an acetone smell on the breath is Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA). DKA is a serious complication predominantly affecting individuals with type 1 diabetes, though it can also occur in type 2 diabetes. It arises when there is an insufficient amount of insulin, preventing glucose from entering cells for energy, prompting the body to burn fat instead. This rapid breakdown of fat leads to a dangerous buildup of ketones, making the blood acidic.
Ketone production also occurs in less severe scenarios, such as during prolonged fasting, strict low-carbohydrate diets, or periods of starvation. In these instances, the body’s glucose reserves become depleted, forcing it to metabolize fat for fuel. While this dietary ketosis can result in a faint, fruity, or acetone-like smell on the breath or in urine, the ketone levels are typically not as high or as dangerous as those seen in DKA. Other conditions, such as alcoholic ketoacidosis or some liver diseases, can also lead to increased ketone production and an acetone smell.
When to Be Concerned
While a faint acetone smell from dietary changes or exposure to household products is usually not a cause for alarm, a strong and persistent acetone-like odor, especially emanating from the body, warrants attention. If this distinct smell is accompanied by other symptoms, it can be a sign of a more serious underlying health condition, such as diabetic ketoacidosis, and warrants medical evaluation.
Symptoms to watch for include excessive thirst, frequent urination, and general fatigue or weakness. Nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain are also warning signs. Confusion, disorientation, or rapid, deep breathing (sometimes referred to as Kussmaul breathing) can indicate a worsening condition. If any of these symptoms are present, particularly if an individual has diabetes or suspects DKA, immediate medical attention is advised.