Chemical burns caused by acids occur when a corrosive substance contacts the skin, rapidly destroying tissue. The severity depends on the acid’s concentration, amount, and duration of contact. Acid exposure causes coagulation necrosis, where skin proteins are denatured, forming a protective crust that temporarily limits penetration. However, the corrosive action continues until the chemical is completely removed, making immediate action paramount to minimizing damage.
Immediate Response: Stopping the Exposure
The initial action following an acid splash is to move immediately away from the source to prevent further exposure. Simultaneously, instruct a bystander to call the local emergency number or Poison Control Center for professional guidance. Any clothing, jewelry, or saturated personal items that contacted the acid must be removed without delay. Use scissors to cut away contaminated garments rather than pulling them over the head or face, which could spread the corrosive material to unaffected areas.
Thorough Decontamination: The Flushing Procedure
Once the physical source of the acid has been removed, begin the prolonged process of flushing the affected area. This decontamination requires a continuous, gentle stream of cool, running water. The water dilutes the remaining acid on the skin and physically washes away the residual corrosive material. Flushing should be maintained for a minimum of 15 to 30 minutes, or until emergency medical services arrive.
This duration is necessary because residual acid continues to react with tissue, and dilution helps carry away heat generated by the chemical reaction. If the acid is not thoroughly washed off, it will continue causing tissue damage. To prevent spreading the chemical, ensure the water runs off the affected area and does not pool or contaminate other body parts or the person assisting. A shower or low-pressure hose is often the most effective method for achieving this continuous, large-volume rinse.
If the acid has splashed into the eyes, flushing is urgent to preserve vision. The eyes must be flushed continuously for at least 15 minutes, ensuring the eyelids are held open so water reaches all surfaces. Position the head so the water flows away from the unaffected eye. The delicate tissues of the eye are vulnerable to chemical damage, and immediate, sustained irrigation is the best defense against severe injury.
Post-Flush Care and Medical Intervention
After the mandatory flushing period, focus shifts to wound protection and seeking professional medical evaluation. Even if the burn appears minor, most chemical burns warrant a visit to an emergency room due to the potential for delayed or deep-tissue damage. Seek immediate emergency care if the burn is larger than a coin, appears deep, or involves sensitive areas like the face, eyes, hands, feet, or major joints. Signs of shock, such as cool, clammy skin or shallow breathing, also necessitate an immediate emergency call.
Once the area is thoroughly decontaminated, cover the burn site gently with a sterile, non-adhesive dressing or a clean cloth. This covering protects the injured tissue from friction and potential infection while awaiting medical transfer. Avoid applying any creams, ointments, or home remedies, as these can trap chemical residues against the skin or interfere with medical evaluation.
Continue to monitor the burn for any signs of complications, even after medical professionals have been contacted. Increasing pain, the development of blisters, or changes in skin color should be noted and reported to the medical team. Since the initial appearance may not fully reflect underlying tissue damage, professional assessment and follow-up care are necessary.
Actions to Avoid During Treatment
Certain common first-aid instincts must be avoided when treating an acid splash to prevent worsening the injury. Never attempt to neutralize the acid with an alkaline substance, such as baking soda or vinegar. The reaction between an acid and a base is exothermic, generating significant heat that causes additional thermal burns, compounding the existing chemical injury. Furthermore, introducing another chemical complicates subsequent medical treatment. Similarly, do not rub, scrape, or wipe the affected skin with a cloth or hand. This mechanical action can spread the acid to unaffected areas or drive the corrosive material deeper into the skin layers. The goal is always to dilute and wash the acid away.