Coyotes (Canis latrans) are adaptable canids found across North America, from wildlands to urban areas. As generalist omnivores and mesopredators, they help maintain ecosystem balance by regulating smaller mammal populations. Despite their widespread presence, coyotes face predation from various larger species. This article explores the animals that prey on coyotes, illustrating the complex dynamics of North American ecosystems.
Major Terrestrial Predators
Wolves are significant predators of coyotes, often eliminating them through territorial disputes and direct predation where their ranges overlap. They view coyotes as competitors for shared resources, such as deer fawns, and will suppress coyote populations in wolf-occupied areas. Wolves commonly kill coyotes, particularly in winter, though they rarely consume them, indicating competition rather than a primary food source.
Cougars, also known as mountain lions, are ambush predators that prey on coyotes. Studies suggest they can account for a notable portion of coyote mortality, with some estimates indicating they might kill nearly a quarter of a local coyote population annually. While coyotes may scavenge on cougar kills, this comes with a considerable risk of being preyed upon themselves.
Larger bears, including grizzly and black bears, can also prey on coyotes, though this is generally opportunistic. Black bears, primarily consuming vegetation and insects, will take a coyote if the opportunity arises, such as when weakened or during territorial conflicts. Grizzly bears, while typically avoiding coyotes, will dominate encounters and may kill them, especially at shared carrion sites.
Avian and Opportunistic Predators
Golden eagles are avian predators that target coyote pups, especially when young and vulnerable near their dens. These large raptors use their keen eyesight and powerful talons to capture small prey, making young coyotes susceptible to their hunting efforts.
Bobcats, while smaller than coyotes, may occasionally prey on very young coyote pups or severely injured or sick adult coyotes. Direct predation on healthy adult coyotes by bobcats is less common.
Intraspecific killing also occurs within coyote populations. Adult coyotes may kill pups from rival packs to reduce future competition or eliminate weaker individuals. This behavior is more about territory defense and resource control than typical predation for food, though it contributes to natural population regulation.
Factors Influencing Predation Risk
The habitat a coyote occupies significantly influences its vulnerability to predators. Open landscapes offer less cover for evasion, while dense vegetation provides concealment but can also facilitate ambushes. Habitat composition affects coyote prey utilization and exposure to threats.
A coyote’s age and health are primary determinants of its predation risk. Pups are especially vulnerable due to their small size, requiring parental protection. Elderly, sick, or injured coyotes are also more susceptible, as their diminished physical capabilities make them easier targets.
Population density within an area can impact individual coyote risk. Higher coyote densities increase competition for resources, potentially leading to weaker individuals more prone to predation. Conversely, a higher density of larger predators increases the risk for coyotes, influencing their distribution and behavior.
The availability of alternative prey for a coyote’s predators also influences its predation risk. When a predator’s primary food sources are abundant, they may be less inclined to hunt coyotes. During scarcity, larger carnivores may turn to coyotes as an alternative food source, increasing pressure on coyote populations.