Rabies is a serious concern, and questions often arise about the risk posed by various animals, including squirrels. Rabies in squirrels is exceptionally rare, and they are not considered significant carriers of the disease.
The Very Low Risk in Squirrels
Small rodents, including squirrels, are rarely found to be infected with rabies and have not been known to transmit the virus to humans. This low incidence is primarily due to their biology and behavior. If a squirrel were to be attacked by a rabid animal, such as a fox or raccoon, the attack would typically be fatal, and the squirrel would not survive long enough for the virus to incubate and become transmissible.
Squirrels’ immune systems and natural behaviors, such as avoiding confrontation with larger animals, reduce their exposure to rabid wildlife. Their solitary and arboreal habits further minimize encounters that could lead to infection. Scientific data supports the minimal risk: a 1995-2010 study found only nine (0.04%) of 21,977 tested squirrels were positive for rabies. Unusual behavior in a squirrel, such as aggression or disorientation, is more likely indicative of another illness, injury, or a protective maternal instinct, rather than rabies. Conditions like a fatal roundworm brain parasite can also cause symptoms mimicking rabies.
Common Rabies Carriers
While the risk from squirrels is very low, it is important to be aware of the primary rabies carriers in North America. Raccoons, bats, skunks, foxes, and coyotes are the animals most frequently identified as reservoirs for the rabies virus. These wildlife species account for over 90% of reported rabies cases in the United States.
The prevalence of rabies among these animals can vary geographically. For example, raccoons are frequently affected in the eastern United States, while skunks are more common carriers in the central states. Bats, however, are widespread and are often the leading cause of human rabies cases in the country. These animals are more likely to transmit the virus because of their susceptibility to the disease and their interactions with other wildlife.
If You Are Bitten or Scratched
Even though rabies in squirrels is uncommon, it is important to know what to do if you are bitten or scratched by any wild animal. Immediately and thoroughly wash the wound with soap and water for at least 15 minutes. Applying an antiseptic solution, such as povidone-iodine, to the wound is also recommended.
After cleaning the wound, seek prompt medical attention. A healthcare professional can assess the injury and determine if further treatment, such as a tetanus shot or antibiotics for potential bacterial infections, is necessary. The incident should also be reported to your local animal control or health department. While post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is rarely needed for small rodent bites, medical guidance is crucial to evaluate the specific circumstances and any potential risk.