Melanoma is a serious form of skin cancer that develops when melanocytes, the pigment-producing cells in the skin, grow out of control. Although it accounts for a smaller number of skin cancer cases than basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas, melanoma causes the vast majority of skin cancer deaths. Early detection is the most significant factor in improving survival. Public health awareness campaigns educate people about the risks, encourage preventative habits, and highlight the importance of regular self-examinations.
Identifying Melanoma Awareness Month
Melanoma Awareness Month is recognized annually in May to disseminate information about the disease. The campaign aims to increase public understanding of melanoma’s severity and the need for proactive health behaviors. This month often sees an increase in public service announcements, educational drives, and fundraising events supporting research and patient advocacy. The first Monday of May is designated as “Melanoma Monday,” which focuses on encouraging people to check their skin for suspicious growths.
Understanding Melanoma and Key Risk Factors
Melanoma originates in melanocytes, the cells that produce the pigment melanin. This cancer is aggressive because it has a high likelihood of spreading to other parts of the body if not diagnosed early. The primary environmental factor contributing to melanoma development is unprotected exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation, whether from the sun or indoor tanning beds. UV rays cause DNA damage in skin cells, and over time, this unrepaired damage can lead to cancerous mutations.
Individual characteristics increase a person’s risk for melanoma. People with a fair complexion, including those with light eyes, light or red hair, and skin that freckles or burns easily, are at a higher risk. A personal or family history of melanoma, especially among first-degree relatives, suggests an increased genetic risk. Having a large number of moles (more than 50) or having moles that are atypical in appearance are predictors of elevated risk.
Self-Examination and Professional Screening Guidelines
Regularly examining your own skin can lead to the earliest possible detection of melanoma. Dermatologists recommend using the ABCDE method as a structured tool for evaluating moles and skin lesions for concerning changes. The letters stand for Asymmetry, meaning one half of the spot does not match the other half. Border refers to edges that are irregular, notched, or poorly defined, contrasting with the smooth borders of a benign mole.
Color indicates variation within the same lesion, such as shades of brown, black, tan, or even red, white, or blue. Diameter is typically concerning if the spot is larger than 6 millimeters, roughly the size of a pencil eraser, though melanomas can be smaller when first detected.
Evolving refers to any change over time in size, shape, color, elevation, or new symptoms like itching or bleeding. In addition to the ABCDEs, people should look for the “ugly duckling” sign, which is a mole that looks distinctly different from the surrounding moles.
Self-examinations should be performed monthly, using a full-length mirror and a hand mirror to check all areas of the body, including the scalp, palms, soles of the feet, and between the toes. Self-checks do not replace the need for professional skin cancer screenings. Individuals at high risk, or those who notice any of the ABCDE warning signs, should schedule an evaluation with a dermatologist. A professional can perform a thorough examination, often using specialized tools like a dermatoscope, to determine if a biopsy is needed.
Year-Round Sun Safety Practices
Preventing melanoma requires consistent sun safety habits, not just during the awareness month. Seeking shade is an effective first line of defense, particularly during the peak sun hours between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m. when UV rays are strongest. Wearing protective clothing helps cover exposed skin, including long-sleeved shirts, pants, wide-brimmed hats that protect the neck and ears, and sunglasses with UV-blocking lenses.
Sunscreen should be used as a secondary measure when shade and clothing are insufficient. Use a broad-spectrum formula with a Sun Protection Factor (SPF) of 30 or higher, which protects against both UVA and UVB rays. For proper protection, apply an ounce of sunscreen (about a shot glass full) to all exposed areas 15 minutes before going outside.
Reapplication is necessary at least every two hours, or more often (every 45 to 60 minutes) if swimming or sweating heavily, as water and towel-drying remove the protective layer. Even on cloudy days, up to 80% of UV rays can still penetrate the clouds, making constant sun protection necessary.