Hummingbirds, with their iridescent plumage and rapid wing beats, are captivating creatures. These tiny, energetic birds are renowned for their ability to hover mid-air, a feat powered by an astonishing metabolism. A defining characteristic of many hummingbird species is their migratory behavior, undertaking remarkable journeys across vast distances.
When Hummingbirds Return
The precise timing of hummingbird return varies considerably depending on geographic location across North America. In the southeastern United States, particularly along the Gulf Coast, early arrivals of Ruby-throated hummingbirds can be seen as early as late February or early March. These regions, including Florida and coastal Texas and Louisiana, may even host hummingbirds year-round, with some species maintaining a consistent presence.
As spring progresses, these migratory birds gradually move northward. By April, sightings become common in mid-Atlantic states like Virginia and North Carolina, and extend westward into states such as Kansas and Oklahoma. The northernmost states and Canadian provinces typically see hummingbirds arrive in late April or early May. This northward wave often sees males arriving a week or two before females to establish territories.
In the western United States, species such as Broad-tailed, Black-chinned, and Rufous hummingbirds also begin their return. Southern Arizona and areas near the Mexican border may welcome these birds by early March, with their range extending to the northern Rockies by late May. Local environmental conditions and annual weather patterns can subtly influence these arrival times.
The Science Behind Their Return
The return migration of hummingbirds is triggered by a combination of biological and environmental cues. A primary factor is the increasing day length, known as photoperiod, which signals the changing seasons. Longer days prompt hormonal shifts within the birds, initiating their migratory instinct. Rising temperatures along their route also play a role, indicating suitable conditions for breeding and food availability.
The presence of blooming nectar-rich flowers and abundant small insects further guides their journey. Hummingbirds rely heavily on these food sources to fuel their incredibly energy-intensive flights. Their small bodies burn energy at an exceptional rate, requiring significant amounts of nectar and insects to build fat reserves before and during migration. This allows them to undertake long, solitary flights, sometimes covering hundreds of miles without stopping, showcasing their remarkable endurance.
Welcoming Returning Hummingbirds
To attract returning hummingbirds, providing a reliable food source is important. Nectar feeders are effective, and a homemade solution can be prepared by mixing one part refined white sugar with four parts water. It is important to avoid adding red dye, as it is unnecessary and potentially harmful to the birds. Clean feeders every few days, more frequently in hot weather, to prevent mold growth.
Placing feeders in shaded areas can help keep the nectar fresh longer, while proximity to trees offers perching spots and a sense of security for the birds. It is advisable to set out feeders one to two weeks before hummingbirds are typically expected, ensuring resources for early arrivals.
Supplementing feeders with native, nectar-rich flowers further enhances a yard’s appeal. Hummingbirds are particularly drawn to red or orange tubular flowers, such as bee balm, cardinal flower, trumpet honeysuckle, and salvia. Providing a continuous water source, like a fine mister, also attracts hummingbirds for bathing. Creating a safe environment by avoiding pesticides ensures a healthy food supply of insects and prevents harm to these delicate visitors.